来源：每日邮报 翻译：世界播
Genetic tests carried out by medical professionals are revealing that up to one-in-10 people in the UK don’t have the father they think, a top health boss has revealed.
英国一位卫生部高级主管日前透露，医学专业人士进行的基因测试显示，多达十分之一的英国人和父亲并非亲生关系。
Ian Cumming, Chief executive of Health Education England, said that the situation is raising a number of difficult questions for the health services.
英格兰健康教育部首席执行官伊恩·卡明表示，这种情况给卫生服务机构带来了许多难题。
The Chairman of the NHS Leadership Board for England also explained that people are not currently told if genetic tests within families highlight a case of paternal discrepancy as it was simply an ‘incidental finding’ of the procedure.
英国国民健康保险制度领导委员会主席还解释说，目前如果家庭内部的基因测试显示亲子关系有差异，是不会告知当事人的，以防这只是这个程序的“偶然发现”。
But, with whole genome sequencing likely to be widely available in the next 10 years, he said it was a 'moral quandry' that needed solving.
但他说，随着全基因组测序可能在未来10年得到广泛应用，这是一个需要解决的“道德难题”。
Speaking at Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye, Wales, he said: ‘The other issue which, this is a true figure out of Manchester University, if you look at people that have had genetic tests within families for reasons other than trying to work out paternity, for one-in-10 people your dad isn’t who you think it is.
在威尔士海伊小镇的海伊文学艺术节上，他说：“另一个问题，这是曼彻斯特大学的真实数字，如果你去调查那些家庭内部进行基因测试的人（除了为了确定亲子关系之外），会发现有十分之一的人和父亲不是亲生关系。”
‘Now, at the moment this is an incidental finding of genetic tests, we don’t tell people because it’s an uncertain finding.
“目前，这只是基因测试的偶然发现，我们不会告诉人们，因为这是一个不确定的发现。”
‘Are we going to tell people “that’s not your dad” or are we going to keep that information to ourselves within the health service?
“我们是该告诉人们‘那不是你爸爸’，还是该把这些信息保密？”
‘I don’t think that would be acceptable ethically in this country.’
“我认为站在本国的道德立场上，这是不可接受的。”
Research released in 2005 looked at paternal discrepancy – when a child is identified as being biologically fathered by someone other than the man who believes he is the father.
2005年发布的一项研究关注的是亲子关系的差异——一个孩子被鉴定为某个人亲生，但他的生父不是那个认为自己是生父的人。
Rates varied between studies carried out from 0.8 per cent to 30 per cent.
在进行的研究中，这一比例从0.8%到30%不等。
It also found that those who conceive younger, live in deprivation, or are in long term relationships - rather than marriages, or in certain cultural groups - were at a higher risk of having a child with paternal discrepancy.
该研究还发现，那些更早怀孕、生活在贫困之中、或处于长期关系（并非指婚姻或某些文化群体）的人，生下与父亲有差异的孩子的风险更高。
At the time the study warned that increasing paternity testing and use of DNA techniques in clinical and judicial procedures meant more cases were likely to be identified.
当时，该研究警告说，越来越多的亲子鉴定和在临床和司法程序中使用DNA技术意味着可能会有更多的案例被确认。
The issue was raised during a discussion about long-term changes the NHS must make to keep up with a changing society.
这一问题是在一次讨论中提出的，讨论的主题是英国国民健康保险制度必须做出的长期改革，以跟上不断变化的社会。
Professor Cumming said one thing that needed to be considered was the increasing demand for and ability to carry out whole genome sequencing.
卡明教授说，需要考虑的一件事是，对全基因组测序的需求和能力不断增加。
While it allows the ability to warn people they have a genetically increased risk of developing certain illness, such as breast cancer, it also raises moral questions about when and whether to tell patients.
虽然全基因组测序能够提醒人们，他们在基因上有增加患某些疾病（如乳腺癌）风险，但它也提出了何时以及是否告诉患者的道德问题。
He explained: ‘Within the next 10 years we will probably be whole genome sequencing 100 per cent of the population who wish to be sequenced.
他解释说：“在未来10年内，我们可能会对所有希望测序的人进行全基因组测序。”
‘That will start giving us all sorts of information about probability of people developing particular conditions, particular diseases.
“这将为我们提供关于人们患上特定疾病的可能性等各种信息。”
‘It will allow us to predict when they may happen. It may in cases allow preventative actions to be taken.
“我们能够借此预测疾病何时会发生。在某些情况下，可能还可以采取预防措施。”
‘Certainly it will allow individuals to be kept a closer eye on.
“当然，个人也能受到更密切的关注。”
‘But it is not without controversy, if we are able to predict someone has an increased chance of developing breast cancer when do you tell them?
“但这并不是没有争议的，如果我们能够预测某人患乳腺癌的几率会增加，那应该什么时候告诉她们？”
‘Do you tell their parents when they’re born? Do you tell them when they’re 12, 14, 16, 18?
“你会在孩子出生时就告诉他们的父母吗？还是在他们12、14、16、18岁时告诉他们？”
‘Do people want to know? There’s a whole host of complexity around the ethics of this.’
“人们想知道吗？其中有一堆复杂的伦理道德问题。”
The NHS may carry out genetic tests to diagnose a condition, establish whether someone is likely to develop one or determine if they carry a genetic mutation.
英国国家医疗服务体系可能会进行基因测试来诊断，确定某人是否有可能患上一种疾病，或者确定他们是否携带有基因突变。”
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