定语从句 一、概述
在
复合句中，修饰某一
名词或
代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that和关系
副词when、where、why等。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.最后，那个小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的东西。（引导词是关系代词that）
His parents
wouldn't let him marry any
one whose family was poor.他父母不让他和家庭困难的人结婚。（引导词是关系代词whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那个黑暗的街道上，没有她可以求助的人。（引导词是关系代词whom）
In 1519 an
other traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位从欧洲去美洲的旅行家发现了西红柿。（引导词是关系代词who）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得第一次去北京的那一天。（引导词是关系副词when）
This is the house where we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。（引导词是关系副词where）
二、关系代词和关系副词的功用能
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。
1、作主语
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is
needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引导词that在句中作主语）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。（引导词that在句中作主语）
The foreigner who vis
ited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。（引导词who在句中作主语）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water. 他们种植了需水不多的树木。（引导词which在句中作主语）
2、作宾语
在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。（引导词that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。（引导词which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 刚才你与其交谈的人是李先生。（引导词whom，不可省略）
3、作定语
关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子着火的那位
老师。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩，他母亲是我们的
语文老师。
注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作
介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
4、作状语
关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我将永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 这就是他来晚的理由。
三、关系代词的用法
英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：
1、who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning,
people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)
The person (whom) you
should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）
2、whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a
mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住在窗口朝南的房子里。
3、which 的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要水的作物。（作主语，不能省略）
It is
used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）
4、that 的用法
that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you. 这是我能告诉你的全部情况。（that指物，在从句中作宾语，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。（that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依赖的人。（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）
5、关系代词that和which的区别
（1)相同点
这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)
（2）用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。
all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。
②当先行词被
形容词最高级或序
数词修饰时。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
③当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。
④当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列
词组时。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们聊起他们所能记得起的学校里的人和事来，聊了约半个钟头。
⑤当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
China is not the country that it was.中国已经不是过去的中国了。
⑥当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪辆车是北京制造的?
⑦当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。
（3）用which，不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。
巧记that和which的区别：
that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；
要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。
6、关系代词who与that的区别
（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人请举手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我将永远不会忘记那些帮助过我的人。
（2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是过去的那个小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
7、as的用法
（1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.过去的许多运动项目同现在的一样。(作表语)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要读那些不值得读的书，只去读那些你能读懂的书就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的钱借给了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根据需要反复这样做。(作主语)
（2）such…that…与such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果
状语从句；而“such…as…”表“像……这样的……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此
诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。
（3）the same…that…与the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个
句子：
This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失那本书。（指同一本书）
This is the same book as I lost.这本书跟我丢失那本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
（4）as 引导非限制性定语从句
as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。
8、but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必须有“否定”的词(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.)没有不爱自己子女的母亲。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)几乎没有人不受伤。
9、than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句，than前通常有比较级的词。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.给孩子们的钱不要超过所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的还要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
四、关系副词
英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。
July and August are the months when the
weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你还记得十年前的一个下午，我到你家借项链的事吗?
2、where的用法
where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我还记得那间我妈妈和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She
will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人赶着一头象沿着他们站立的那条路走过来。
注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词whch或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。
This is the reason why he did so. 这就是他这样做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？
巧记定语从句的用法
主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。
五、“介词＋关系代词”用法
1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语
介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。
I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。
This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在办公室里，我好像知道五点半从有时间，在此前很多人都已回家了。
注意：关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米远的村庄里。
2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语
介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。
3、不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语
不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这个电影。
4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语
这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。
Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?
The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.这只老鼠正在挖洞，通过这条洞它能到田里搞吃的。
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。
5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。
6、名词+of which，代替whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他给了那个男孩10美元让她擦十扇窗户，大部分窗户至少一年没擦了。
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，它们的叶子因生病而发黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本书，书的名我忘了。
7、介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修饰后边的名词。
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是她从他的房间偷走地图的那个人。
比较：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱给他的丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。
At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他终于有给家写信的内容了。
六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago
