| Appreciation of English Poetry
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。
诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
英诗浩如烟海，篇幅长短不一。为使大家了解英诗，并能欣赏，请大家学习以下四个方面的内容：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
===================
一、诗的格律格律是是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。
而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。
重读音节为扬（重），非重读音节为抑（轻），音步之间可用“／”隔开。
以下是五种常见格式：
1．抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：
是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
*注: art=are thou=you luve=love thee[thou的宾格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉。
2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：
每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节）。 Tiger!/ Tiger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night
3．抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot:
每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑抑扬格 Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4． 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot:
每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
如：两音步扬抑抑格 ˊTouch her not / scornfully, ˊThink of her / mournfully.
5．抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：
每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑扬抑格︶ 下例中双音步为抑扬格。 O hush thee / my baby / thy sire was / a knight.
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1． 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。
1） 联韵：aabb型。 I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.
2）交叉韵：abab型。 Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea,
3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.
2．头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。
下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.
3．内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间元音的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。 Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。
目前我们常见的诗体有：
1． 十四行诗 (Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。 斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。
=============================
Sonnet 60 Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend,
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity,
wherewith being crowned,
Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,
And time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.
And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth,
despite his cruel hand.
Notes:
1. pibbled : pebbled 铺着卵石的
2.In sequent toil all forwards do contend: Toiling and following each othe, the waves struggle to press forward. 波浪前推后涌，一个个在奋勇争先。此处是比喻，指时光不停息地流逝。
3.in the main of light: 光明的金海
4.crawls: 爬行
5.crooked eclipses: 凶恶的日蚀
6.transfix the flourish set on youth: rem... |
