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高一英语知识分类记忆

 

高一英语知识分类记忆

一、 需要明白并会使用的词汇

enjoy,  share , care ,  get, reach 和arrive 的区别,  treat , start 和 begin 的区别, compare,  else, speak,  say,  tell  和 talk 的用法及区别, develop, except,  except for,  except that 和 besides 表示“除了”的区别, stay, consider, 介词by的用法, popular; when,  while,  before,  after + doing;  complete, start, begin, continue +to do /doing 的区别;   holiday, vacation, leave, off表示 “假, 假期”的区别, before 的翻译方法,  advance, surprise; draw,  pull,  drag 表示 “拉”的区别;  both,  each, all 和程度副词在句子中的位置;strike;population;marry;cause;afford;reach;appear;speed;award,  prize 和 reward;apologize;serve;provide;prefer;allow;declare;middle→center;lie→lay;seem;represent ;sport 和game 的区别;every;hope→wish;encourage;light;speed;mean;add;late / later / latter /latest;disturb;wonder;dream;persuade;find;worth / worthy;throw;spread;feed;remain;decide;discover;enough;imagine;fill;anxious;but / except (prep);beat;strike / hit / beat / knock;practise;hurt, wound 和 injure;offer;invite;bank,  shore,  beach,  seaside, 和 coast的区别; cover;  build,  found 和 set up 表示“建立”的区别;support;alive,  live 和living;valued→valuable;light; cost; prove; tear; appear;doubt; fight;  match,  fit, 和 suit的区别; warn;   one,  ones,  that,  those; ship(v); rather→fairly; part; manage; produce; hang(hanged / hung); seat; cause; suffer;  because,  since,  as,  for的区别; very 的错误用法; tear(v); allow;

二、 需要背记的单词

1、classical   2、mirror  3、deserted  4、 sorrow   5、adventure         6、pronounce  7、majority  8、native  9、tongue  10、situation     11、international  12、organization   13、tourism  14、communicate      15、exchange  16、independent  17、expression  18、president    19、compare  20、consider  21、transportation  22、experience  23、equipment  24、poisonous  25、normal  26、similarity    27、particular   28、separate   29、disaster  30、swallow  31、struggle 32、fright        33、destroy  34、opportunity  35、naughty  36、career   37、director     38、script  39、academy  40、creature  41、cruelty    42、industry      43、primary  44、determine  45、comment  46、apologize 47、culture     48、impression  49、behave  50、dessert  51、course   52、impolite     53、disabled  54、fault  55、toast  56、pyramid  57、represent  58、include  59、photograph  60、portrait   61、period  62、damage  63、ancient  64、project  65、official    66、pollution  67、breath  68、sincerely  69、continent  70、athlete  71、badminton  72、medal  73、competitor      74、further  75、prepare  76、gymnastics  77、weight  78、position  79、gesture 80、disagreement  81、absolutely  82、depend  83、calendar  84、remind  85、appointment  86、behavior  87、emergency   88、negative  89、interview     90、department  91、electricity   92、planet  93、wonder  94、peaceful  95、succeed  96、jungle     97、environmental  98、measure       99、original  100、battery    101、valuable   102、respond  103、amount  104、package  105、material  106、poster  107、attractive  108、organize  109、brief  110、suggestion  111、musical  112、instrument  113、perform  114、characteristic  115、contain  116、traditional  117、spread  118、variety  119、universal  120、guitar  121、satisfy  122、desire  123、emotion   124、process   125、express  126、intelligence  127、literature  128、comedy  129、magic 130、exhibition  131、character  132、announcement  133、stupid  134、whisper  135、series                              

1、stomach  2、examine  3、energy  4、mineral  5、function    6、chemical  7、balance  8、mixture  9、theme  10、parade    11、symbol  12、conflict  13、opinion  14、honor  15、ancestor   16、principle  17、purpose  18、creativity  19、commercial    20、generation  21、salute  22、celebration  23、respect  24、invitation 25、dormitory  26、recognize  27、diamond  28、jeweler   29、continue  30、precious  31、positive  32、lecture  33、quality   34、experiment  35、advantage  36、unnecessary  37、thunderstorm 38、control      39、conclusion  40、inspire  41、admire  42、generous 43、threaten  44、optimistic  45、shelter  46、extreme  47、kindergarten    48、scholarship  49、graduation  50、central  51、surround         52、volcano  53、voyage  54、paragraph  55、mountainous  56、secretary  57、conference  58、relation  59、agricultural    60、cottage  61、protection  62、technique  63、irrigation    64、production  65、method  66、insect  67、tobacco  68、discovery 69、wisdom  70、practical  71、remove  72、couple  73、circus     74、nationality  75、laughter  76、accent  77、typical  78、tradition 79、appreciate  80、phrase  81、operate  82、direction  83、cyclist 84、confuse 85、specific  86、amusement  87、attraction  88、collection 89、castle  90、minority  91、conservation  92、section  93、shuttle 94、injury  95、helicopter  96、achievement  97、civilization  98、imagination  99、designer  100、coastal

三、短语

be sure / make sure;care for /care about; each other 和 one another 的区别;in order to 和 so as to 的区别;such as 和 for example;compare A with B;compare A to B;compared to/with;at all,  in all,  after all 和 above all;the number of 和 a number of; end up 和end up with;bring in;get away from;instead of→instead;instead of→without;in a few days’ time→a few days away; find out;a mass of= masses of;the mass of;in the mass=as a whole;far away from;cut off; grow up 和bring up;    take off;by sea  by the sea 和at sea;take care of 和look after;take place,  take the place of,  take one’s place,  in place 和in the place of;drink to,  sing to 和dance to;come true,  put…into practice 和turn…into reality;get ready  be ready 和 prepare;make up one’s mind;under control ;under discussion ;under study;  under repair;    under examination;under construction;under attack; join / jion in/   take part in / attend 和enter for;compete in / for;turn out;more than / no more than / not more than;stay / keep in touch with→get in touch with;take over;break down;come up;devote…to;die out / die away / die off/die down; make of / from /into / out of /up / up of /up for / by / in;  no longer / no more; stand for; think of; turn up / down / on / off / out /in / against; pick out; break the rule ;  obey/keep/observe the rule ; carry out a rule ; work out a rule; as if / as though; break away from; charge…with ( in charge of→in the charge of); by oneself / for oneself /of oneself;  give advice;  a bit; catch up with→keep up / pace with; depend on; get together; think about; cut off; at one time→at a time; take up; on holiday ; on leave ; on duty ; on a visit to…; on business ; on fire ; on sale ; on strike ; on watch; take in ; pay for→pay off; come up with→come up; go with; pick up; call at / in / up / on / for / off /out /; control sth. ; control oneself ; lose control= out of control ; in control ; in / under the control of… ; call on; bring back; of one’s own=for oneself; get along with; put out;  pick out;  come to terms with; be on good / bad terms with sb; round / around the corner 及 corner构成的短语 be in tight corner 处于困境 / cut corners (a corner)走捷径 / do sth. in a corner暗地里做某事 / talk oneself into a corner说得自己下不了台; struggle to one’s feet / rise to one’s feet (=raise oneself ) take to one’s feet / jump to one’s feet / bring sb. to one’s feet / help sb. to one’s feet; come out; put on; on hands and knees手脚并用 / lie on one’s back 仰卧/ lie on one’s face(stomach) 俯卧/ lie on one’s side侧卧 / stand on one leg金鸡独立 / stand on one’s hands两手倒立 / stand on one’s head拿大顶; turn to; do research on / into; pass to→pass…on to; send for / send out / send up; go against; break into→break in; have sth in mind 记得某事/ have sth on one’s mind 为某事担心/ keep in mind=bear in mind 记住/ be in two minds about sth 对…三心二意/ be out of one’s mind 精神不正常/ make up one’s mind / change one’s mind; be in the habit of 有…习惯/ form(pick up) a habit of 养成…习惯/ get(fall) into the habit of 染上…习惯/ get sb into the habit of 使某人养成…习惯/ break away from the habit of摆脱…习惯; date back; think about / think over; think of; pick up; make use of; have an effect on(upon) 对…有影响/ bring(put)…into effect 实施,实行/come into effect 开始生效/ take effect生效 / be of no effect无效的,无用的; get through; let out; do with; deal with; do wrong to sb/do a favor to sb / do good to sb / do harm to sb; hold up; make a face= make faces; fall off; in order / out of order / in order of / in order to do; express out; stick to; at the end of / by the end of / in the end; by the side of / at the side of; on the side of=on one’s side; than ever / than before / than ever before; refer to; refer to…as

四、         句型

so引导的省略句;主语+谓语+so;so+助动词+主语;so+主语+助动词;so it is (the same) with…; be sure / make sure + to do  一定;千万;be sure / make sure + of +n  把…弄确切;be sure / make sure +that ;be sure / make sure 和be certain 的区别;It is / was + adj / n + of /for sb to do sth;It is no good doing sth; It is no use doing sth; It is a waste of time doing sth;It is a waste of money / energy to do;It is +adj + that…; It is +过去分词+ that…   据…;人们…; As is +过去分词,(句子);It is/was +被强调部分+that/who/whom +剩余部分;It is/has been +段时间 +since从句(从过去某时到现在已经多长时间了);It was/had been +段时间 +since从句(从过去的过去到过去多长时间了);should have done 表示本来应该做而未做的动作;should not have done表示本来不应该做而做过的动作;make +宾语 +宾补; so…that 和 such…that ; be different from 和 the difference between;can 和 be able to的区别;have…difficult/trouble/problems + in dong/ with sth 句型及用法;a good/great many 和agood/great many of 的区别;with 结构的用法;名词所有格的几种用法; protect sb / sth from + n;protect sb / oneself from +doing;protect A against B;so that 引导目的状语和结果状语的区别;start, begin, continue +to do /doing 的区别;be /get +p.p;hear + 宾语 + do / doing /done;see +宾语 + do / doing / done;条件句的另一种表达   祈使句 +and / or +陈述句;情态动词表示猜测的用法;表示“花费”spend,  pay,  cost,  take,  worth 和give的用法;be afraid;keep + O + OC;It’s time…:It’s (high) time that…; be busy with…/doing…; where there is/are…; used to do    be used to do / for   be/get used to doing / n; in the past 和 in the past / last + 一段时间; represent oneself as / to be…自称是…。自言; represent sth to sb 阐述;表达; represent sth 代表;代理; 否定疑问句; put sb in prison; throw / cast sb into prison; send / take sb to prison; 瞬间动词变为延续性动词 come→be / stay    come to →be in /at   go out→be out  die→be dead   buy→have    borrow→keep  get up→be up    begin / start→be on   leave→be away ; catch a cold→have a cold   fall asleep→be asleep  marry→be / get married   join→be in / be a;  remind sb. about sth / remind sb of sth / remind sb. to do sth / remind sb. of doing sth; What is your father like?  What dose your father like?  What is your father?  Who does your father look like?  There is / are +S +doing / done; keep / stop / prevent…from; live / have /lead a …life; would like; 世纪、年代的表示; think + O + OC; think / speak highly / well / much of;  sing high praise of; praise sb for; in praise of; be similar with…; way of doing sth / way to do sth; If only…; get + doing / done /adj. / prep. Phr;  get + O + to do / doing / done; ought to; Only引导的倒装句; 半否定和全否定; 否定转移; advise sth; advise sb (not) to do sth; advise doing sth; advise sb +疑问词 + 不定式; advise sb + that 从句; can not / never / hardly +①be too +adj. ②do too + adv. ③be +adj. +enough ④do +adv. +enough  …也不为过; 情态动词表示猜测; would rather + do→would rather + 从句; 比较级前加the的情况; be free to do→be free with; be rich / high in→be poor / low in; would like→should like的区别; find oneself + 现在分词 / 过去分词 /介词短语; 表语形容词 alone ; awake ; alike ; alive ; afraid ; asleep ,以及very的错误用法; to tell a lie / lies to do…  / to tell a lie with sb. / to lie to sb; 表示方位的介词 in / on / to / off; be famous / known for / as…; mark +地点+ with sth / mark sth on + 地点; when / while / as “当…时”的区别; be content with…  /  be content to do; no matter +疑问词→疑问词+ever; send + O + OC( doing / done / 介词短语); leave + O + OC ( doing / done / adj / 介词短语); What do you think of…?  How do you like…? How do you find…? knock + O + OC; feel pity for… / have /take pity on; way +定语从句连接词的使用; 问路及回答; 表示时间的介词; 一个主语后跟几个动词的使用规定; (be) based on;

五、         语法

直接引语变间接引语

a)       人称变化

b)      句型变化

                     i.              陈述句

                ii.              疑问句

1.       一般疑问句

2.      特殊疑问句

              iii.              祈使句

1.       肯定祈使句

2.      否定祈使句

c)       时态变化 (高一教材p177-178)

d)      表示时间和地点的词的变化 (高一教材p178-179)

一般将来时态

1、              be going to

2、              will / shall

3、              正在进行时态表示将来

4、              一般时态表示将来

5、              be to do

6、              be about to

定语从句

1.that

    that在定语从句中可以指人也可以指物,

在从句中作主语或宾语,但不能放在介词后作介词宾语。如:

    The eggs that I bought yesterday were not fresh.我昨天买的鸡蛋不新鲜。

    I prefer dumplings that have just been cooked.

    我更喜欢吃刚煮出来的饺子。

    指物时that和which可以互换,但下面几种情况通常用that引导定语从句,不能用which。

    (l)当先行词有最高级修饰或本身就是最高级时。如:

    This book is the most difficult one that I have ever read. 这本书是我所读过的最难的一本书。

    The best that I could do was to apologize

    我能做的最好的事情就是道歉。

   (2)当先行词有序数词修饰或本身就是序数词时。如:

    Here are two students,the third that you want is to come in a minute.这儿有两个学生,你要的第三个学生一会儿就来。

    The second school that I visited here was Yucai Middle School.我在这儿所参观的第二所学校是育才中学。

    (3)当先行词是all,something,anything,little,much,none等不定代词时。如:

    There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.我没有办法弥补所丢失的时间。

    All that is worth doing is worth doing well.

    值得做的就值得做好。

   (4)当先行词前有only,all,any,no等词修饰时。如:

    There are no people that things must not happen to.没有人一生不出事。

    The only thing that they could do was to sleep.

    他们所能做的事就是睡觉。

   (5)当先行词为表语时。如:

    This is the school that I once studied at.

    这就是我曾经上学的学校。

    My father is no longer the man that he was.

    我爸爸已经不是过去的样子了。

   (6)当先行词既含有人又含有物时。如:

    They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in the school.

   他们谈论还能记起的在学校里的人和事。

   The man and manners that he describes in his book are familiar.

   他书中所描述的人以及所用的手法都很熟悉。

   (7)句中有两个定语从句,其中第一个从句的关系代词已用了who或which时,第二个定语从句的关系代词用that。如:

    Our English teacher is the man who is talking with the girl that is in red.我们的英语老师就是那位男子,他在和穿红衣服的女孩谈话。

    We built a factory which produces fertilizer that is badly needed.

    我们修建了一个工厂,生产急需的化肥。

   (8)在以who开头的疑问句中。如:

    Who is the boy that is standing at the gate?

    门口站的那个男孩是谁?

    Who was she that he danced with?

    和他跳舞的那个女士是谁?

    2.which

    which在定语从句中指物,作主语,动词宾语或介词宾语。如:

    This is the reference book which you want.

    这就是你要的那本参考书。

    The building which stands near the river is our school.河边的那所建筑物是我们学校。

    下面几种情况通常用which,不用that。

   (l)关系代词在介词后面时。如:

    This is the chair on which I sat just now.。

    这就是我刚才坐的那把椅子。

   That is the house in which we lived last year.

   那就是去年我们住的房子。

    如果要用that引导定语从句,则介词不能放在前面,只能放在从句中相关动词的后面。在含有介词的固定短语动词中,介词不能提前。

   (2)在非限定性定语从句中。如:

    They are hollow, which makes them very light..

    它们是空的,这使得它们很轻。

    The book,which was written in 1994,    was published in 1996.

    1994年写的那本书,1996年才出版。

    (3)先行词为that时。如:

    What's that which you are looking at?

    你们正在看什么?

    What's that which you are holding in your hands?你手里拿的什么?

3.who,whom,whose

    who,whom指人,在从句中作主语、宾语。whose既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。

如:

    The professor who comes from Beijing University is famous..

    从北京大学来的那位教授是很著名的。

    The writer whom we met in the street gave us a lecture last month.我们在街上碰到的那位作家上个月给我们作过一次报告。

    The bike whose bell doesn't work is mine.

    那辆铃不响的车子是我的。

    4.as

   (l)as作代词,引导定语从句,主要用于the same as ,the same…as或such…as 结构中,这时as 相当于who或which。如:

    The house is just the same as it used to be.

    这所房子和过去没什么差别。

    Such people as you are talking about will surely succeed.你说的这种人肯定会成功的。

   (2)引导非限定性定语从句时,它指的是主句所表达的整个内容。这种从句表示谈话人对谈话内容的看法或态度,可以放在句首,句中或句末。如:

Mike,as you know, is a good man.

    如你所知,迈克是个好人。

    The elephant is like a snak,as anybody can see.任何人都能看到,大象像条蛇。

    which和as引导非限定性定语从句的区

别。

    Which引导非限定性定语从句:

    (l)只代替主句的部分内容。

    (2)可代替主句的全部内容。

    (3)代替主句中表物或事的一个名词或词组,且对其进行说明。

    (4)当定语从句为复合结构,且关系词为宾语时。

    (5)定语从句为否定句时。

    (6)定语从句为主动句,且关系词在从句中作主语时。

    as引导非限定性定语从句。

    (l)可放在主句前,也可放在主句后。

    (2)表达“正如,就像”意义时。

    (3)从句谓语为know,explain, say, expect, imagine, show, report, announce, point out时。

    (4)在从句中作表语,且只代替主句的表语时。

    另外,当从句内容对主句内容有消极作用或含义不一致时,常用which引导非限定性定语从句;如果语意一致,则常用as引导非限定性定语从句。

5.when, where, why

    when,where,why分别表示时间、地点和原因,在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。如:

    I will nevre forget the day when I joined the Party.我永远不会忘记我入党的那一天。

    One morning an elephant was led down the road where they stood.一天早晨,一头大象从他们所站的那条路上被赶过去。

    We don`t know the reason why they didn't complete their production plan according to the schedule.我们不知道他们为什么没有按计划完成生产计划。

    能否用when和where引导定语从句,需要判断从句谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。如果从句谓语动词为不及物动词,用when和where引导定语从句,它们分别在定语从句中作时间状语和地点状语。如果谓语动词为及物动词,用which或that引导定语从句,在从句中作宾语。

    6.关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词一般放在whom,which之前。介词由两方面来确定。

   (l)根据动词和介词的搭配来确定。如:

    This is the house in which we lived last year.

    这就是我们去年住的房子。

   There comes the man about whom we just talked.我们刚才谈论的那个人过来了。

    (2)根据从句的意思来确定。如:

    He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他建造了一个望远镜,通过这个望远镜他就能观察天体。

    Wei Hua,with whom I palyed pingpong yesterday, is not here now.和我昨天一起打乒乓球的魏华现在不在这儿。

    7.定语从句的两个特殊句型

(l)Is this school      we visited that year?

    Is the school        we visited that year?

    Is this the school        we visited that year?这就是我们那年参观过的那所学校吗?

    前两个句子无先行词,应先加上先行词the one。第三个句子用that引导定语从句,因为the school在主句中作表语,先行词为表语时,用that引导定语从句。并且从句谓语为及物动词,不能用where。

    (2)He is one of the students who are from the south.他是从南方来的学生之一。

    He is the only one of the students(the only

student) who is from the south.

    他是唯一的一个从南方来的学生。

    第一句中先行词为 the students,定语从句的谓语动词用复数。第二句中先行词为the

only one,所以定语从句的谓语动词用单数。

 

动名词

动名词既有名词的性质,也有动词的性质。作名词时,可作主语、表语和宾语;作动词时可有自己的宾语,也可用副词修饰。

    (1)作主语或表语

    Learning a language requires time and effort.

    学习语言需要时间和努力。

    The report was so inspiring that they were all excited.

报告那么鼓舞人心,所以他们都很激动。动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语。在表示比较抽象的经常性行为时,多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作时,特别是将来动作时,用不定式。

作宾语

(2)       以下动词需用动名词作宾补:

suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, consider, practise, allow, prefer等。如:

    Students should practise speaking English every day.学生们应该每天练习讲英语。

    We can’t help laughing at the funny story.

    听到那个可笑的故事我们禁不住大笑起来。

2)love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, require, remember, forget, regret, try等词后,既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语。

    A.love, like, hate, prefer, dislike

    表经常性的习惯动作时跟动名词;表某次特定的动作时跟不定式。如:

    I like swimming in summer, but I don’t like to swim today. 我喜欢夏天游泳,但我今天不想游。

    He prefers making speeches after careful preparation. 他喜欢认真准备以后作报告。

    B.begin, start, continue

    a.表“有意识”,用人作主语时,后接动名词;表“无意识”,用物作主语时,后接不定式。如:

    I started learning English when I was ten.

    我10岁时开始学英语。

    It began to rain at nine last night.

    昨晚9点开始下雨。

    b.当这三个词用于进行时态时,后面只能跟不定式。如:

    The bus is starting to run.

    公共汽车开始动了。

    Li Ming is continuing to study hard.

    李明一直学习很努力。

    C.当这三个词后面所限动词为表示精神状态或心理活动的词时,只能接动词不定式。如:

    I begin to doubt his honesty.

    我开始怀疑他的诚实。

    I continue to feel terrible.我还感到难受。

    d.want, need, require

    接动名词表示“需要”,物作主语;接不定式表示“想干…”,人作主语。如:

    My bike needs repairing.

    我的自行车需要修理。

    She wants to have a word with you.

    她想和你谈谈。

    D. remember to do sth.记住做某事; remember doing sth.记得做过某事。

    Remember to meet me at the airport tonight.

记住今天晚上来机场接我。

    I remember having heard you speak on that subject.我记得听你谈过那个问题。

    E.forget to do sth.忘记了干某事;forget dong sth. 忘记了是否干过某事。

He had forgotten to bring his umbrella and he was wet through.他忘了带伞,所以全身湿透了。

    I forgot giving him a ticket in the morning.

    我忘了早上是否给过他票。

    F. regret to do sth.对要做的事表示抱歉。

regret doing sth.后悔做过某事。

    I regret to inform you that you are dismissed.

    我很遗憾地告诉你,你被解雇了。

    She regrets not having taken my advice.

    她后悔没有听我的建议。

    G.try to do sth.尽力,努力做某事;try doing

sth.试着做某事。

    He tried to break away from me.

    他想和我断绝往来。

Try doing more exercise, and you will soon lose weight.多锻炼,你会减肥的。

    3)介词宾语

能跟动名词作宾语的成语很多,应掌握的有:insist on, think of, dream of ,charge…with, prevent…from,keep…from, stop … from, look forward to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote …to, set about, spend … in, get/be used to, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, be pround of 等。如:

    I don’t feel like eating anything.

    我不想吃饭。

    The foreigner has used to living here.

    那个老外已习惯于在这里居住了。

    4)时态

 

主动

被动

一般时态

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

    动名词的一般时态,表示其动词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。完成式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:

    He is proud of being a Chinese.

    作为一个中国人他感到骄傲。

    I’m sure of his having been elected.

    我肯定他被选上了。

    5)动名词与现在分词的区别:

    A.动名词有名词性质,可作主语、宾语;现在分词有动词性质,不能作主语、宾语。

B.作定语时,动名词表功能,表用途;现在分词表动作。

6)动名词的习惯用法

A.There is no+v-ing…是不可能的

    There is no knowing how old he is.

    没人知道他多岁。

There is no joking that he was elected.

他被选上了不是开玩笑。

B.feel like+v-ing想…

I don’t feel like going to see the film tonight.

    我今晚不想看电影。

    I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.

    我很生气,真想拿什么东西砸他一下。

    C.go+v-ing(v-ing指运动或游戏)

    Let’s go boating this Sunday.

    星期天我们去划船。

    I go swimming in summer almost every day.

    夏天我几乎每天去游泳。

    D.can’t help+v-ing禁不住

    I couldn’t help overhelping what he said.

    我禁不住想偷听他说什么。

    We couldn’t help laughing at his joke.

    听到他的笑话我们禁不住笑了。

    E.be on the point of+ v-ing正要…,正准

备…

    He is on the point of leaving.他就要离开。

    I am on the point of crying.我简直要哭了。

    F.on+v-ing一…就= as soon as…

    On arriving there, he rang me up.

    一到那里,他就给我打电话。

    On hearing that, she cried out.

    听到那个消息,她就哭了。

    G.It is no use+v-ing…是没有用的

    It is no good+ v-ing…是没好处的

    It is a waste of time+v-ing干…是浪费时间

    It is no use talking with him.

    和他谈话是没用的。

    It is a waste of time watching TV in the evening.晚上看电视是浪费时间。

            difficulty有困难

            trouble有困难

    H.have  fun有趣            (in)+v-ing

            a hard time艰苦

            a good time玩得愉快

Do you have any trouble (in) learning English?

    你学习英语有什么困难吗?

    I had a hard time living there.

在那儿生活很艰苦。

    注意:如果要表示“有困难”,difficulty和trouble前可加some,much,great;要表示“没困难”,difficulty和trouble前可加no,little,也可把句子否定。如果句子前无主语,则用“There be…”句型。

主谓一致

1.语法一致原则

    (1)谓语的单复数要和主语的单复数相一致。如:

A number of students in our school are from the country.我们学校很多同学来自农村。

The number of students in our school is more than 2000.我们学校的学生人数超过了2000。

(2)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:

In front of the room stands a tree.

房前有棵树。

There are two computers on the desk.

桌子上有两台计算机。

(3)一些由两部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语用复数。这类词常见的有:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。如:

The black shoes are nicer.黑鞋较好一点。

The scissors are in the drawer.

剪刀在抽屉里。

但当它们前边有“pair(kind,type,form,

box)+of”结构修饰时,谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于这些词是单数还是复数。如:

A pair of chopsticks is on the atble.

桌子上有一双筷子。

Three new kinds of shoes are on show today.

今天有三种新鞋在展览。

(4)“some(any,no,every)+thing(body,one)”

构成的不定代词作主语,谓语用单数。如:

In a small village everybody knows everybody else. 在一个小村子人人都互相认识。

Everything goes well with me.

我的一切进展很好。

(5)不定代词any, either, neither, none, all,some, more作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数要视其在文中的意义而定。如:

All invited are present.

所有被邀请的人都到了。

More has been said about the matter.

关于这件事情又多说了几句。

(6)名词性从句或非谓语动词形式作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:

To listen to music is my greatest pleasure.

听音乐是我最大的乐趣。

Whether she will come is still a question.

她是否来还是个问题。

(7)“分数或百分数+of+名词”结构,如果of后是复数名词,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果of后的名词为不可数名词,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:

More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面70%多被水覆盖。

One fourth of the students in our class are League members.

我们班有四分之一的同学是团员。

(8)在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,其定语从句修饰of后的复数名词,这时定语从句中的谓语动词用复数。如:

He is one of the students who are from the north.他是从北方来的学生之一。

This is one of the most difficult questions that have been asked.

这是所提出的最困难的问题之一。

但是,当one前有the,the only等修饰语时,这时从句限定one,从句中的谓语动词应该用单数形式。如:

She was the only one of the girls who was late.

她是唯一一个迟到的女生。

(9)由each,every,no所修饰的不同的单数名词即使用and连接,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:

Every teacher and every student has been there.每一个老师和学生都去过那儿。

Each boy and each girl wants to have a chance..每一个男孩和女孩都想有一次机会。

    2.意义一致原则

    (1)一些形式为复数,而意义却是单数的名词,如news,works, maths,physics,politics,means the United States,The Arabian Nights等,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

The United States belongs to the first world.

美国属于第一世界。

Politics is much more difficult than physics.

政治比物理难得多。

(2)一些集体名词,如class,family,club,crew,

crowd,government,group,party,public,team等,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

Our team is the best team in the league.

我们球队是联赛中最好的球队。

My family are interested in football.

我家人都对足球感兴趣。

    (3)people,cattle,police表“总称”,以及both,a few,many,several作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

    The police are looking for the lost child.

    警察正在搜寻丢失的孩子。

    Both should make concessions.

    双方都应让步。

    (4)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、金钱、时间、距离或数字等复数名词时,一般把这些复数名词看作一个整体,其谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Two thousand dollars is a large sum of money.

2000美元是一大笔钱。

Ten years is only a short period of time in the history of mankind..在人类历史的长河中10年只是短暂的一瞬。

    (5)如果主语由more than one或many a…构成,从意认上看是复数,但谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如:

    More than one student has seen the film.

    不止一个学生看过那个电影。

    Many a book has printing mistakes.

    好多书有印刷错误。

    (6)如果名词词组中心词为all,most,half,rest,或这四个词单独作主语,代替可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数形式;代替不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

    A few of the trees can be cut each year for firewood,the rest are left to grow even taller.

    每年可以砍掉一些小树当柴火,其余的就留下来,让它们长得更高。

    All that can be done has been done.

    一切能做的都已经做了。

    (7)such,the same用作指示代词作主语时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单复数形式。如:

    Such was the situation we were facing.

    这就是我们所面对的情况。

Such were the results he was expecting.

这就是他所等待的结果。

    (8)关系代词who,that,which在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词应与句中的先行词相一致。如:

    Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.人类应用的有些能源源于太阳。

    The students who are often late for school are to be punished.经常迟到的学生要受到惩罚。

    (9)由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数形式。但如果所指的具体内容为复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

    What we need is more time.

    我们需要的是更多的时间。

    What we need are books.我们需要的是书。

    (10)“the+形容词或过去分词”作主语时,如果指一类人,谓语动词用复数;如果指一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数。如:

    The injured have been cured and the lost have been found.受伤的人得到了救治,失踪的人已经找到了。

    The dead was a famous scientist.

    去世的人是一位著名的科学家。

   (11)“the+姓氏+s”作主语时,如果表示一个整体的家,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示“一家人’或“夫妇俩”,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

    The smiths has moved to New York..

    史密斯一家搬到了纽约。

    The Turners are talking in the sitting room.

    特纳一家正在客厅里谈话。

    3.就近就远原则

    (1)当两个主语被下列词连接时,谓语动词的单复数采用就远原则,这些词是:as well as ,as much as, less than,along with, together with,with,like,rather than, but,except, besides, including.如:

    The teacher as well as the students is in the classroom.老师和学生都在教室。

Nobody but Mike and John was waiting there.

    只有迈克和约翰在那儿等着。

   (2)当两个主语用or,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but(also)连接时,谓语动词的单复数采用就近原则。如:

    Neithe my parents nor I am a teacher.

    我的父母和我都不是教师。

Not only the students but also the teacher is present.

不仅学生们出席了,那位老师也出席了。

   (3)用and或both…and连接两个主语时,    谓语动词用复数形式。如:

    Plastics  and  rubber  never  rot.

    塑料和橡胶永远不腐烂。

    Both walking and riding are good exercise.

步行和骑车都是很好的锻炼。

但是,并列主语如果指同一个人或同一件事时.谓语动词用单数形式.这时and后的名词前不加冠何。如:

A knife and fork is on the table.

    桌子上有一副刀叉。

    The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor.那个女孩的老师及朋友是一位年轻大夫。

    (4)由here或there引导的句子,谓语动词的单复数采用就近原则。如:

    Here is a letter and some books for you.

    这里有你一封信和几本书。

    There is a pen,two books and some magazines on the desk.

    桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书和一些杂志。

 

 

 

 

 

西安市育才中学

                                                             杨吉辉

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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