如何清晰思考的五个教训[1]
这个视频介绍了根据马库斯·奥勒留的思考经验，如何通过五个重要原则来培养理性思维，并帮助人们思考更清晰。
让自己的判断更加理性和客观，而不是被情绪驱使。要做到这一点，你需要反思自己的感觉，明白它们是如何产生的，然后试图找出更积极的解释。
许多事情都超出了我们的控制范围，但我们的反应则完全在我们的控制之下。学会接受事实，而不是抱怨或抵抗，这将帮助你保持平静与清晰思考。
在我们的生活中，需求和欲望经常混淆在一起。我们的欲望可能会阻碍我们清晰的思考，因为他们会让我们难以满足，总是在寻找下一个能让我们满足的事物。
而通过识别和理解我们真正需要什么，以及区别于我们所欲望的，我们可以更好地管理我们的思绪，保持冷静和理性。
这四种美德是：智慧，勇气，公正和节制。智慧是理解世界的能力，勇气是在困难面前保持冷静的决心，公正是对他人的尊重和公平对待，节制是对自己欲望的控制。
马库斯·奥勒留提倡我们要以更宽广的视角来看待生活。这意味着我们需要超越自我，从更大的人类共同体的角度来审视我们的行为和决策。
1 Marcus Aurelius is one of the most famous and well-known stoic philosophers of all time. He was a Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 after Christ, and he was the last ruler from a line later known as the five good Emperors. He was in one of the highest positions of power in the world at the time and would have access to the realization of all his temptations and desires should he wish for them, but instead, he dedicated his life to fairness and justice.
During his rule, Aurelius found the time to construct a series of autobiographical writings, now known as the 'Meditations', which has become one of the most important texts within stoic philosophy. In the 'Meditations', Aurelius describes guides on how to improve oneself. These were mostly focused on taking a cosmic perspective and critically analyzing your judgment on yourself and others.
As a leader of a powerful empire that experienced multiple wars during his rule, Aurelius used his own stoic philosophy to let go of stress and worries and to be the very best and reliable leader he could be. Stoicism is an ancient and incredibly famous philosophy that, aside from a theory, is also a truly inspiring way of thinking and living. The stoics strongly believed that doing the right thing was the key to individual happiness, and that in order to do the right thing, sound judgment and clear rational thinking was necessary.
So, with that in mind, in this video, we will talk about how you can develop a rational mind through five important lessons that can help you think more clearly from the teachings of Marcus Aurelius. Before we continue, check your channel subscription. It is very important that you are subscribed. Click be a member to support us and encourage us to make more videos.
马库斯·奥勒留是最知名且声誉卓著的斯多葛哲学家之一。他曾在公元161年至180年期间担任罗马皇帝，并且是后来被誉为五位好皇帝中的最后一位统治者。在当时，他身处世界最高权力的位置，如果他想要，他可以很容易就屈服于所有诱惑，也能轻而易举实现任何的欲望，但他却选择将他的一生奉献给公正和正义。
在他的统治期间，奥勒留找寻一些碎片时间撰写了一本自传性的著作，现在被称为《沉思录》，这也是斯多葛哲学中最重要的著作之一。在《沉思录》中，奥勒留主要描述了如何提升自我，他的这些思想指导主要在于如何采取宇宙的视角，并对你自己和他人的判断进行客观的批判性分析。
作为一个在其统治期间经历了多次战争的强大帝国的领导者，奥勒留用他自己的斯多葛哲学来摆脱压力和烦恼，并成为当时最好且最可靠有力量的精神领袖。
斯多葛学派是一个古老且极其知名的哲学体系，除理论内容之外，它也是一种真正激励人思考的哲学或一种生活方式。斯多葛学派坚信，做正确的事是个人幸福的关键，而要做正确的事，前提是需要有明智的判断和清晰的理性思考。
因此，我们将在这个视频中讨论，如何通过马库斯·奥勒留的五个重要原则来培养理性思维，以及使你能更清晰地思考。在我们继续之前，请检查您的频道订阅。你的订阅非常重要。点击成为会员以支持我们并鼓励我们制作更多的视频。
2 Lesson one: train your perception. Marcus Aurelius says, 'Choose not to be harmed, and you won't feel harmed. Don't feel harmed, and you haven't been.' One of the greatest lessons of stoicism is to take control of your perception. We're used to judging everything we come across. Any event we experience, any people we meet, SES we see, all of them get a value judgment. Something was either bad, good, boring, fun, beautiful, ugly, etc. This is unbeknownst to us a very exhausting practice and also one that might affect our lives for the worse.
For example, judging every interaction you have on a particularly hard day as awful gives the day itself an even more negative view. If you label a party you went to as boring, that is all it will be, that one boring part of your week. We often let our initial judgments of things be influenced by our emotions, which means that they are most likely not entirely rational. Furthermore, our tendency to judge every moment of Our Lives goes hand in hand with a tendency to talk in metaphors and hyperboles that make things seem worse.
If you get dumped by your partner, you might say your ex broke your heart instead of the fundamental fact that they no longer feel for you the way they used to. This way of speaking, or rather this way of thinking, shapes how you feel. It is not the actual event that makes you feel bad, but rather the way you unconsciously choose to think about it. The stoics, in contrast, encourage people to be careful to judge everything you come across and the things that you do. And one of the ways to be careful is to undo your judgments, which essentially means to look past them.
To be able to forget your first instinct and to judge something through a more optimistic and reasonable lens, you can try to reframe that boring party in your mind as an event where you got to see a new place and meet some new people. Okay, afterwards you might note that you didn't really resonate with anyone, but you didn't go in with the expectation of negativity. As such, practicing not to judge everything based on your first instinct and emotion is the very best way to start training your perception on life.
Whenever you think about anything in an opinionated way, try to ask yourself, 'Is this rational? What have I based my opinion on? Is there a better or more positive way to interpret this?' Marcus Aurelius stressed that harms can only be if you consider them as harms. This means that any hard experience you went through seems harder and worse, the harder and worse you consider it to be. As such, you have complete control over how much certain situations affect you.
The stoics also encourage you to see every bad thing that happens as an opportunity or source for good. As an exercise of training your perspective in a stoic way, there is a challenge called 'turning the obstacle upside down.' When a new coworker is a slow learner and their mistakes affect the company's profits, you might feel frustration. This coworker is an obstacle to what you are trying to achieve: Effectiveness, efficiency, and profit. However, this situation can also be an opportunity for good.
It is an opportunity for you to exercise and practice patience, to become a better teacher, to learn how to integrate new people into the company, and how to handle stressful times. All of these are skills that will also be useful later and should also help you increase profits in the long run as well. On this subject, Marcus Aurelius famously said, 'The impediment to action advances action. What stands in the way becomes the way.' So, all in all, instead of judging everything you come across in an exaggerated sense, take the time to look at things as they objectively are, and you might find that life is simpler and clearer than you thought.
Every situation has a more positive interpretation and a more negative one. When you adjust your mindset accordingly, you will find that nothing bothers you as much as it used to, and you will get through life much more easily.
原则一：训练你的感知。马库斯·奥勒留说：“选择不被伤害，你就不会感到被伤害。不感到被伤害，你就没有被伤害。”斯多葛学派的最重要的教训之一就是控制你的感知。我们习惯于判断我们遇到的每一件事。
我们经历的任何事，我们遇到的任何人，我们看到的所有事物，都会自动地去进行价值判断。一件事是坏的，好的，无聊的，有趣的，美丽的，丑陋的等等，之所以有这些多样的评价，是因为我们在不知不觉中就进行了主观上的价值判断，而这是一种非常耗费人精力的思考方式，也使我们的生活变更糟。
例如，如果你在特别艰难痛苦的某天，并认为你周围所有的一切都是可怕的，那这一天本身就会更显得消极。如果你把你参加的一场聚会标签为无聊，那么它就会变成你一周中唯一无聊的那部分。
我们对事物的初步判断经常会受到情绪的影响，而这意味着它们（那些情绪）极大可能是不理性的。此外，我们判断我们生活中的每一刻的倾向或习惯，与我们总爱用夸张和夸大的方式谈论这些事物的倾向也是相辅相成的。
如果你的伴侣离开了你，你可能会说你的前任伤了你的心，而不是他们不再像以前那样对你有感情。其实是这种说话方式或者说这种思考方式，塑造了你的感觉。所以，让你感到不好并不是实际的事件，而是你无意识中选择对它采用了某种思考方式。
相比之下，斯多葛学派鼓励人们小心判断你所遇到的每一件事和你所做的事。其中一种谨慎的处理方式就是撤销你的主观判断，这本质上意味着超越它。
为了能够忘记你的第一反应，通过更乐观和合理的角度来判断某件事，你可以尝试在你的脑海中重新构思那个无聊的派对，把它想象成一个你能看到新地方，遇到新人的活动。
好吧，后来你可能会注意到你并没有真正与任何人产生共鸣，但你并没有带着消极的期望去参加。因此，不根据你的第一反应和情绪判断每一件事，是开始训练你对生活的感知的最好方式。
每当你以一种有观点的方式思考任何事情时，尝试问自己：“这是理性的吗？我是基于什么来形成我的观点的？有没有更好或更积极的方式来解释这个？”
马库斯·奥勒留强调，只有当你认为它们是伤害时，它们才会成为伤害。这意味着，你经历的任何艰难的经历，你认为它有多艰难和糟糕，它就会显得更艰难和糟糕。因此，你完全可以控制某些情况对你的影响程度。
斯多葛学派鼓励我们将每一次不好的遭遇视为成长的机会或者善的来源。为了锻炼我们以斯多葛哲学的方式看待问题，有一个挑战被称为'颠倒阻碍'。
当一个新同事学习较慢，他们的错误影响了公司的利润，你可能会感到很沮丧。因为这位同事成了你要实现目标——效率、效能和利润的障碍。然而，这种情况也可以视为一个好机会。
这是你锻炼和习得耐心，并成为更好的老师，并学习如何将新人融入公司，以及如何应对压力的机会。所有这些技能在未来也都会有所用处，也会有助于你在长期内增加效益。
关于这个话题，马库斯·奥勒留有一句著名的话：'行动的障碍推动了行动。阻挡在道路上的会变成道路。'所以，总的来说，与其以一种夸大的方式评价批判你遇到的每件事，不如花时间客观地看待事物，也许你会发现生活比你想象的更简单、更清楚明了。
每一种情况都有更积极和更消极的解释。而当你调整你的思维方式，你就会发现没有什么事情会像过去那样能再困扰到你了，然后你就会更容易且心态平和地度过生活中的一切。
3 Two, learn to control your emotions. Mark Aelius advises us to stop letting your emotions override what your mind tells you. Stop being hypocritical, self-centered, irritable. Acting out of emotion is often depicted as a stark contrast to acting rationally, and this is not without reason. There is nothing that clouds our judgment more than our own emotions can.
So, if you want to think clearly at all times, one of the most important skills to master is the ability to control your emotions. According to Marcus Aurelius, the emotion of anger, in particular, does us more harm than good. Contrary to what many people seem to think, controlling your emotions does not mean suppressing them.
When you feel intense anger as a result of a betrayal, you cannot control this anger by denying its existence to yourself or others, or by pretending you're fine. It will still be there, no matter how deep down you push it. Instead, controlling emotions such as anger is, according to the Stoics, done by redirecting emotions.
原则二，学会控制你的情绪。马库斯·奥勒留给我们的建议是，“停止让你的情绪覆盖你的理智告诉你的东西。”不要再假惺惺、自我中心、或是易怒。情绪化的行为常常被描绘成与理性行为相对的特质，与之形成鲜明对比。没有什么比我们自身的情绪更能混淆我们的正确客观的判断了。
因此，如果你想在任何时候都清晰地思考，最重要的技能之一就是掌握控制情绪的能力。按照马库斯·奥勒留的说法，特别是愤怒这种情绪，对我们的伤害远大于好处。与许多人的想法相反，控制你的情绪但并不意味着要去压抑它们。
当你因为背叛而感到强烈的愤怒时，你不能通过否认它的存在，或者假装自己很好来控制这种愤怒。无论你把它压得多深，它都会存在。相反，根据斯多葛学派的说法，控制情绪的方法，比如愤怒这种情绪，它需要的是引导和疏通。
4 So, when you are next experiencing anger, ask yourself, 'What can I do with that anger?' Yelling at the one who hurt you might seem tempting, but will it help you lessen your hurt or better your situation? Will it help the one who betrayed you be better?
In short, think about what you are tempted to do, and then ask yourself if it is helpful. If not, find ways to express your emotions that are helpful. Maybe you can achieve better results by calmly talking with the one who hurt you, explaining your feelings, and trying to see their side.
You could also journal, take part in physical exercise, get lost in a video game, or anything else that might help you let go of your anger afterward.
For another example, take anxiety or fear. You cannot simply push it down, but you can redirect it. Instead of letting anxiety paralyze you, you can use it to challenge yourself to take those actions that make you feel it and acknowledge its existence throughout.
Let's say you're too scared to ask your boss for a raise. Lots of people see such fear as a reason not to do something, and they allow themselves to be stopped by their anxieties.
因此，当你下次感到愤怒时，问问自己，“我可以怎么处理这种愤怒？”向伤害你的人大喊大叫可能让你当时觉得有所释放，但这会帮助你减轻伤害或改善你的情况吗？这会帮助背叛你的人变得更好吗？
所以，你需要去思考你想做什么，然后问问自己这样做是否有帮助。如果没有，去找到有助于表达你的情绪的正确方式。也许你可以通过冷静地与伤害你的人交谈，并真实解释你的内心感受，同时也试着理解他们的立场，这会达到更好的结果。
当然，你也可以写日记，或参加体育锻炼跑步、散步的方式疏通，或是暂时借电子游戏来缓解情绪，或是做任何其他可能帮助你释放愤怒的事情。
再举一个例子，比如焦虑或恐惧。你不能简单地压制它们，但你确实可以将其引导出来并释放掉的。你可以利用焦虑挑战自己去做那些让你感到焦虑的事情，并在整个过程中也真实地承认焦虑的客观存在。
比如说，你可能过于害怕向老板要求加薪的事情，很多人都容易把这类似的恐惧看作是不敢做某事的理由，然后他们让自己被焦虑所束缚。
5 Others might be able to go through with it and regard their anxiety as something that is in the way and needs to be pushed down and ignored. But neither has to be the case. Instead, your fear is something that can be expressed healthily, and maybe even end up being helpful.
For example, this fear makes you think about everything that can go wrong, which can lead you to consider all the possible questions your boss might ask, all the counterarguments you might get. This way, you can brace for them and form a plan for each possible scenario.
But most importantly, the fear provides a positive motivation to go through with it, to challenge yourself and grow as a person, to prove to yourself that you can, to make the step not despite your fear but partly because of it. And in that scenario, you can be aware of the anxiety throughout, and think, 'How awesome that I'm trying this anyway!'
When you manage to redirect strong emotions with ease, you will be a calm person no matter what, and your emotions will never lessen your ability to think rationally and make smart decisions. Controlling your emotions is the key to a calmer mind.
或许其他人真的可以强忍下去，只是将他们的焦虑视为需要被压下且要忽视的障碍。但事实并非如此。相反，你的恐惧是可以健康地表达出来的，甚至可能最终变得有益。
例如，这种恐惧会让你思考所有可能出错的事情，这可以让你考虑到你的老板可能会问的所有问题，你可能会遇到的所有反驳。这样，你可以为它们做好准备，并为每一个可能的情况制定一个计划。
但最重要的是，恐惧提供了一个积极的动机，让你坚持下去，并挑战自己，加速成长，来向自己证明你可以，尽管你害怕，但确实去迈出了这一步。在这种情况下，你会始终意识到焦虑的存在，但你会想，“我竟然尝试了这个，多棒！”
当你能够轻松地重新引导强烈的情绪时，无论何时你都会是一个平静的人，你的情绪永远不会减少你理性思考和做出明智决定的能力，因为控制情绪是使你的思绪更加清晰的关键。
6 Exercise the dichotomy of control. In the words of Marcus Aurelius, 'You have power over your mind, not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.' The dichotomy of control is the distinction between what we can control and what we cannot. For example, the weather, traffic issues, or what people think about you are all outside of your control.
But how you dress, at what time you leave, and the kind of people you surround yourself with, that you can control. So, whenever you face a situation that makes you feel a certain way, ask yourself, 'What can I control?' Whatever you can control is a reason to act. Whatever you cannot control, you should learn to accept and embrace, without letting it affect you.
Learning to distinguish these two things and act accordingly can clear your mind instantly. A very important part of the dichotomy of control is 'amorfati', or translated, love for fate. When you embrace life and all the circumstances it brings you, you will always love life.
You cannot escape fate or decide circumstances that are out of your control, but you can choose to love your life no matter what. If you find that you are rejected for a job you have wanted for years, you might think there is no redemption in such a situation. You wanted the job, tried, and failed. You couldn't possibly pretend to love fate in a circumstance like this.
原则三，掌握控制二分法。 正如马库斯·奥勒留所言：“你可以控制你的思想，但不能控制外部事件。认识到这一点，你就会找到力量。” 控制的二分法是我们能够控制与无法控制的区分。比如天气、交通问题，或者人们对你的看法，这些都超出你的控制范围。
但你穿什么，什么时候出门，和你一起的人是谁，这些你都能控制。所以，每当你在一种情境中感受到某种情绪时，问问自己：“我能控制什么？” 你能控制的就是行动的理由。你无法控制的，就应该学会接受并拥抱，且不让它影响到你。
学会区分这两种情况并据此行动，可以立即清晰你的思绪。控制二分法的一个非常重要的部分就是“amorfati”，翻译过来就是对命运的热爱。当你拥抱生活和它带给你的所有环境时，你就会永远热爱生活。
你不能逃避命运，也不能决定超出你控制范围的环境，但你可以选择无论如何都热爱你的生活。如果你发现你被一份你期待已久的工作拒绝了，你可能会认为这种情况是无法挽回的。你确实想要这份工作，也试过，但失败了。在这种情况下，你可能真的无法去假装热爱命运。
7 However, this is a misunderstanding. Instead of viewing the fact you didn't fulfill your ambition purely as a negative, investigate what led to the negative result and use it to make a positive move.
Either the reason you didn't get the job was a failure on your part, in which case, this is something you can control. You can work on those failings and try again when a similar opportunity appears in the future.
Or the reason was an external factor like nepotism or a personality clash with a member of the hiring staff. This was never in your control, meaning the opportunity never truly existed, and there's no point getting upset over something that has never existed. One part of accepting fate is distancing yourself from a fixed outcome and from external markers of success.
If you want to be a writer, for example, and measure your success by the amount of sales your book makes, then you will let your success be controlled by the arbitrary book market of the time. But if you choose to measure your success by how satisfied you are with your finished product, or by the amount of work you put into it, then you are in control of your success.
So, by all means, make sure to do everything in power to try and achieve your goals, but never forget that you might not achieve them, and accept this possibility in advance. If we occupy ourselves only with what is in our control and vow to accept everything that isn't the exact way it comes, then one will find themselves being calm, whatever happens.
然而，这是一种误解。与其纯粹将未能实现你的雄心壮志视为负面，不如探究是什么导致了负面结果，并利用它做出积极的举动。
你没有得到工作的原因要么是你自己方面的原因，这是你可以控制的，你可以针对这些失败进行改进，当将来出现类似的机会时再去尝试。
还有另个原因原因是外部因素，比如裙带关系或与招聘人员的性格冲突。但这从来都不在你的控制之下，也意味着这个机会从未真正存在过，所以对于一直不存在的事物，也没有必要感到烦恼。接受命运的一部分就是要与固定的结果和取决于外部因素的成功标志保持距离。
比如，如果你想成为一名作家，并以你的书销售量来衡量你的成功，那么你就会让你的成功受到当时的书籍市场的任意控制。但如果你选择以你对成品的满意度与质量，或者你投入的工作量来衡量你的成功，那么你就可以控制你的成功。
所以，务必要尽一切力量去尝试并实现你的目标，但是别忘了你也可能无法实现它们，并要提前预备去接受这种可能性。如果我们只关注我们可以控制的事情，并发誓接受一切不完全按照我们的方式来的事情，那么无论发生什么，我们都会保持冷静。
8 Four, embrace the virtues. Quoting Marcus Aurelius, 'Delve deep within yourself, for a wellspring of goodness is ready to gush forth if you persist in your quest.' A virtue can be seen as an excellence of character or, more simply put, morally upright behavior.
Such behavior not only benefits you and those around you but also contributes to the greater good. Stoicism embraces the idea of an interconnected universe where everything and everyone share a link. Consequently, what serves the greater good eventually benefits you as well. Thus, the Stoics firmly believed that those most in harmony with reason were the ones who dedicated themselves to the broader welfare, in other words, they practiced virtues.
Contrarily, the absence of virtuous conduct is attributed to ignorance. According to the Stoics, when life propels you into unforeseen circumstances, virtues can be your guiding stars, directing you on the right path and keeping you grounded.
This is why individuals most enriched with virtue often emanate tranquility and composure. To embody virtuous qualities, one must internalize the four cardinal virtues of Stoicism: wisdom, justice, temperance, and courage.
原则四，拥抱美德。引用马库斯·奥勒留的话：“深入探索你自己，因为如果你坚持寻找，善良的泉源就会涌现。”美德可以被看作是品格的优秀，或者更简单地说，就是道德正直的行为。这样的行为不仅对你和你周围的人有益，而且有助于更大的好处。斯多葛学派接受了一个相互连接的宇宙的想法，其中每个事物和每个人都有一个联系。
因此，为大众福利服务的事物最终也将对你有益。斯多葛学派坚信，那些最符合理性的人是那些致力于更广泛的福祉的人，换句话说，他们真正实践了至善美德。
相反，没有美德的行为被归因于无知。斯多葛学派认为，当生活把你推向未知的环境时，美德是可以作为你的启明星的，可以指引你走向正确的道路，并让你保持内心平和与稳定。
这就是为什么那些最富有至善美德的人经常散发出宁静平和与镇定。要自身体现出至善的品质，一个人必须要内化斯多葛哲学的四大基本美德：智慧、公正、勇气和节制。
9 In the Stoic perspective, wisdom is the ability to distinguish between good, bad, neutral, and everything in between. It entails transcending the sway of emotions, allowing reason to govern what is morally just. Confronted with a dilemma, wisdom empowers you to analyze both options with a clear mind.
Next comes justice. Wisdom is the foundation of justice, entailing a commitment to what is right and equitable for both oneself and others. The Stoics regarded it as a duty towards oneself, fellow humans, and society as a whole.
Courage, the third virtue, enables action even in the face of personal fear. It propels you to act for the greater good or undertake tasks despite uncertainty about the outcome.Courage doesn't entail the eradication of fear, desire, or anxiety, but rather the conscious decision to proceed, surmounting emotional barriers.
在斯多葛哲学的视角中，智慧是区分好与坏、中性与其他所有事物的能力。它意味着超越情感的摆动，让理智主导何为道德正义。面对困境，智慧赋予你以清晰的头脑分析各个选项的能力。
第二个美德是公正。而智慧是公正的基础，公正要求我们对自己和他人进行正确客观且公平的承诺。斯多葛哲学家们认为，这也是对自己、对他人和对整个社会的义务。
第三个美德是勇气，它使你即使面临个人恐惧也能行动。它驱使你为了更大更远的利益而行动，即使对结果有时不确定也要尽量去尝试。勇气并不意味着消除恐惧、欲望或焦虑，而是强调明确有决心得去行动，并能够克服情绪上的各种障碍。
10 Lastly, temperance, also known as moderation. Temperance signifies maintaining a balanced path between extremes. It's about exercising self-control, restraint, and discipline. Marcus Aurelius highlighted the human trait of self-regulation, setting us apart from animals.
Temperance prioritizes long-term well-being over fleeting gratification. Consider a mundane example, a bag of chips. Indulging in the entire bag might bring momentary pleasure, yet it jeopardizes health and even mood. Here, exercising temperance means pausing after a few bites. Wisdom is instrumental in gauging the right amount to consume before stopping.
Stoicism categorizes things and actions into goods, evils, and indifference. Seeking the good, avoiding evil, and embracing indifference according to personal preference were guiding principles. Departing from these virtues equated to fostering evil: stealing, disrespecting, recklessness, or abstaining from good. Indifferent actions, such as taking a leisurely stroll, did neither.
These principles offer more than just personal betterment. They foster a state of serene composure. Aligning your actions with these virtues ensures you always tread the path of righteousness, guided by reason and thus cultivating a tranquil mind.
第四个美德，节制或适度。适度意味着在两种相反的极端之间保持平衡，这是关于行使自我控制，克制和纪律的能力。马库斯·奥勒留强调人类自我调节的能力，而这种能力也使我们与其他动物区别开来。
节制自己，来优先考虑对自身的长期福祉而非短暂的娱乐和满足。考虑一个日常的例子，你在吃一袋薯片，正尽情享用整袋薯片所带来瞬间的快乐，但过于享用这种食品会损害健康甚至长久地影响心情与情绪。
在这个例子中，行使适度或节制意味着，你可以在吃了几口后暂停一会，（而不至于过度上瘾地食用垃圾食品），所以如何把握在停止前应该消耗的食用量也是一种智慧。
斯多葛哲学将事物和行动分类为善，恶和中立。寻求善，避免恶，根据个人喜好来接受的中立，这些都是指导原则。偏离这些美德等同于培养恶，盗窃，不尊重，鲁莽粗俗，也是避免了善。中立的行动指，比如闲适的散步，既不做好事也不做坏事。
这些原则提供的帮助不仅仅是在个人的提升，它们也培养人一种宁静的沉着心态，并使你的行动与这些美德保持一致，来确保你始终走在正道上，使你由理性来指引，从而培养一颗平和的心。
11 Five, embrace a broader perspective. In our concluding quote from Marcus Aurelius, he eloquently echoes Plato's wisdom, 'Whenever you want to talk about people, it's best to take a bird's eye view and see everything all at once.' Adopting a wide-angle view is a remarkably vital aspect of achieving mental clarity. In the hustle and bustle of life, we often find ourselves entrenched in the midst of every issue. Each challenge feeling as if it carries the weight of the world. Imagine being part of a small crowd; it might appear as if the entire city is suffocating in congestion, yet shifting your vantage point just a few steps away can reveal an entirely different reality.
In essence, when we detach and contemplate the grand tapestry of our world and existence, we realize how minute our personal experiences are and how infinitesimal we are in the vast scheme of things. This shift in perspective unveils the expansive realm beyond our immediate encounter. Often, people overlook the truth that their own encounters and viewpoints aren't the only ones deserving of consideration, even within their own lives.
Consider someone who's had an unfavorable experience with dogs; they might find it challenging to fathom that dogs could be cherished companions to others unless they deliberately acknowledge the possibility of diverse experiences. From time to time, it's imperative to step back and inquire, 'What am I neglecting or failing to grasp?' This introspective practice bears multiple benefits.
原则五：拥抱更广阔的视角。马库斯·奥勒留在我们的结语中，他巧妙地回应了柏拉图的智慧：“每当你想谈论人时，最好采取鸟瞰的视角，一览无余地看待所有事物。”
因为采用（鸟瞰）广阔的视角是达到思维清晰的一个重要方面。在繁忙的生活中，我们经常发现自己很容易就深陷于每个问题之中而无法自拔，而每一个挑战都好像承载着世界般的重量。
想象一下，如果你是某个整体的一部分，你很容易觉得，整个城市都好像在交通堵塞中令人感到窒息，然而你只需变换一下你的视角，就可以看到一个完全不同的现实。
本质上，当我们抽离出来，思考我们的世界和存在的宏大画卷时，我们会意识到我们的个人经历是多么的微小，我们在广阔的事物中是多么渺小。这种视角的转变揭示了我们直接遭遇之外的广阔领域，那是我们经常忽略掉的。
通常，人们总会忽视一个事实，即他们自己的经历和观点并不是唯一仅有的能够值得参考或依赖的，甚至是在完全属于自己的个人生活中。
考虑一下那些与狗有过不好经历的人；他们可能很难理解狗是如何成为其他人珍爱的伙伴的，除非他们刻意地去承认每个人都有不同经历的可能性。有时，我们确实需要退一步，来问自己：“我是不是忽视掉了什么，或者也许我并没有真正理解到什么？”这种内省的做法会给我们带来多重的益处。
12 For instance, envisage having to choose between remaining in your current job or pursuing a newly available position elsewhere. Such a decision might seem daunting, especially if you're uncertain whether either option will fulfill your aspirations. While your current job offers stability and you're wary of the additional responsibilities tied to a promotion, the allure of a better salary beckons. You might feel ensnared within this dilemma.
However, a wealth of untapped prospects lies beneath the surface. Have you contemplated venturing into a completely different field or exploring a side venture that complements your current job? Perhaps immersing yourself in a passion to shift your focus away from tasks you find less appealing? It's entirely plausible that numerous unexplored avenues in life are eluding your awareness. Adopting a panoramic perspective rather than fixating solely on immediate concerns significantly aids in informed decision-making. Broadening your scope isn't only valuable for determining priorities but also for shaping your opinions.
To form a comprehensive judgment, it's imperative to consider all facets and possibilities within a given situation. Moreover, stepping back signifies distancing yourself from personal biases and viewpoints.
Temporarily relinquishing your desires can offer a fresh vantage point, prompting you to reflect on those around you and your responsibilities towards them. In the intensity of the moment, you might perceive an action like littering as inconsequential.However, when you pause and widen your perspective to encompass the entirety of the world, and the potential consequences if everyone were to follow suit, the insignificance of your inclination to litter becomes starkly apparent in contrast to the well-being of the planet.
比如，你面临一个选择，是留在现在的工作，还是去追求其他地方新出现的职位。这样的决定可能看起来很艰难，特别是当你不确定哪个选项能满足你的期望时。你目前的工作提供了稳定，而你又对升职带来的额外职责感到担忧，但更好的薪资待遇又在吸引你。你可能会觉得自己陷入了两难的境地。
然而，其实表面之下却蕴藏着丰富的未开发的前景，你有没有考虑过进入一个完全不同的领域，或者探索一个能够补充你当前工作的副业？也许可以沉浸在一种热情中，来将你的一些注意力从你不太喜欢的任务中转移出来？
生活中有许多未被探索的道路可能正脱离你的注意力，你可以采用全景视角，而不只是是关注眼前的问题，这对于做出明智的决定也有很大帮助。扩大你的视野不仅对于确定优先事项有很大价值，而且对于形成你的认知和观点也有帮助。
若想培养出较为全面的判断，你必须考虑到在给定情况下的所有将会面临的问题和解决的可能性。此外，需要自己在面临一些麻烦或困难的事情时，要后退一步，这意味着让自己远离个人偏见和之前陈旧的观点与信念。
你需要暂时放下你的欲望，这会有助于提供一个新的视角，来促使你反思你身边的人和你对他们的责任。尤其是在紧张的瞬间片刻，你可能会觉得像这样的行为是无关紧要。然而，当你暂停并扩大你的视角（一个新的宽广的视角），能够看到整个世界，如果每个人都这样，那乱丢垃圾的微不足道的习惯或倾向会与地球自身所带给人类的福祉形成鲜明对比。
13 As previously mentioned, the stoic firmly believed in the interconnectedness of everything in the world, positing that the overall betterment of the world inherently contributes to one's personal well-being. Hence, taking a step back to embrace a global viewpoint, rather than solely focusing on your own life, holds immense significance.
Confronted with a decision, adversity, challenge, or life-altering change, you have the capacity to pose introspective queries, whether in the heat of the moment or later on, perhaps while strolling outdoors or during a reflective journaling session, an activity that Marcus Aurelius particularly advocated.
The most common questions to ask yourself are: What could the long-term effects of my choice/action be? How could someone else's perspective on this differ from mine? Do I know somebody in a similar situation, or with similar goals to mind, that could help? Does my choice/action affect my well-being? Does it affect the well-being of those around me? Are there any choices I have not considered yet?
如前所述，斯多葛哲学家坚信世界上的一切都是相互联系的，他们认为世界的整体改善本质上会促进个人的福祉。因此，退一步采取全球视角，而不仅仅关注自己的生活，是具有极其重要的意义的。
面临重大决定、逆境、挑战或者被迫改变生活的变化，你要有能力去提出反思性的问题，无论是在关键时刻，还是在户外散步或在反思性的日记记录中，而这也是马库斯·奥勒留特别提倡的一项活动。
最普遍的提问有：我的选择或行动可能产生的长期影响是什么？别人对此的看法可能与我有何不同？我是否认识处在类似情况，或有类似目标的人，他们能帮助我吗？我的选择或行动是否影响到我自己的幸福感？它是否影响到我周围人的幸福感？我是否还有未考虑到的选择？
14 These questions allow you to delve deeper into your thoughts and actions. You might think that in the heat of the moment, littering is not a big deal, but when you step back and think of the entirety of the world, of the possibility of everybody else doing it, you find see the smallness of your desire to litter in comparison to the well-being of the world.
Taking the time to consider all aspects of the world helps yourself in the way that it helps you understand your actions, thoughts, life, and choices more clearly. And it helps yourself in the way that it allows you to help the world.
When you consider the whole picture, you will always have an overseeing view that leaves you free from unnecessary restraint, bias, or doubt. If you enjoyed this video, please make sure to check out our playlist for more videos to help you find success and happiness using ancient philosophical wisdom. Don't forget to subscribe, and if you can, become a channel member. Thanks so much for watching, stay with the Creator.
这些问题可以让你深入探究你的思想和行为，你可能会认为，在关键时刻，乱丢垃圾没什么大不了的，但当你退一步，思考整个世界，所有人都这么做的可能性时，你就会发现，乱丢垃圾的习惯与世界的福祉相比是多么的微不足道。
花时间去考虑世界上的各个方面，这可以帮助你更清晰地理解你的行动、思想、生活和选择。同时，它也使你有能力去帮助整个世界。
当你考虑全局时，你总是会有一个全局的视角，让你免于不必要的束缚、偏见或疑虑。如果你喜欢这个视频，请确保查看我们的播放列表，以获取更多关于古代哲学智慧，来帮助你找到成功和真正幸福的内容。别忘了订阅，如果可以的话，成为频道的会员。非常感谢你的观看，和创作者一起留下你的思考。
下次见。
如何清晰思考的五个教训: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Yu411M7D1/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0&vd_source=1d44f7f1239b6bab3592038d5e406da0
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