中英对照文本
译校：FungChuh
The American Civil War ended in 1865. And a new conflict immediately began.
美国内战结束于 1865 年。一场新的冲突随即开始。
The North won the first war. The South won the second. To truly understand American history, one needs to understand how this happened, and why.
北方赢得了第一场战争。南方赢得了第二场。为了真正了解美国历史，我们需要了解这是怎么发生的，又是为什么。
The years immediately following the end of the Civil War—1865 to 1877—are known in American history as 'Reconstruction.' What should have been a glorious chapter in America's story—the full integration of 3.9 million freed slaves—instead became a shameful one.
紧随内战结束的那些年——1865 年到 1877 年——在美国历史上被称为「重建时期」。它本该成为美国历史上的辉煌篇章——390 万被解放奴隶的完全融合——相反变成了可耻的一章。
It began with the assassination of Republican president Abraham Lincoln. One week after the Civil War effectively ended, the one man with the political savvy and shrewdness to have guided Reconstruction was gone.
它开始于共和党总统阿伯拉罕·林肯遇刺。内战实际结束的一周后，有足够政治见识与精明带领重建的男人去世了。
His successor was Vice-President Andrew Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat. Johnson was the rare Southern politician who stayed loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln added him to his reelection ticket in 1864 as a gesture of war time bi-partisanship. But Johnson was wholly unprepared for the task.
他的继任者是副总统安德鲁·约翰逊，一位田纳西民主党人。约翰逊是罕见的在内战时期效忠于联邦的南方政客。林肯在 1864 年将他加到自己的连任选举候选人名单上作为战时两党合作的表示。但约翰逊对这一任务毫无准备。
Under his Reconstruction plan, the defeated rebels would be allowed to return to power, almost as if they had never left. The only requirement to rejoin the Union was that they agree to ratify the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery.
在他的重建计划下，战败的叛乱者会被允许重新掌权，几乎就像根本没有下台过。重返联邦的唯一要求是他们同意认可废除奴隶制的第十三修正案。
This was fine with the old Southern Democratic ruling class. By agreeing to abolish slavery, they would actually increase their political power. Whereas the Constitution's old 3/5ths clause limited slave states to counting only 3/5ths of their slaves for the purpose of determining representation in Congress, after the Civil War, the Southern states were able to count 100% of the freed slaves.
旧南方民主党统治阶层对此没有意见。同意废除奴隶制，他们实际可能增进自己的政治力量。尽管宪法中旧的五分之三条款限制了蓄奴州，在决定国会中的代表权时他们的奴隶只计算五分之三，内战后，南方州可以计算 100% 的被解放奴隶。
This would ensure the return to Congress of Southern Democrats, and in even greater numbers than before the rebellion, allowing them—with the help of their Democratic Party allies in the North—to fight Republican efforts to secure the citizenship rights of the former slaves.
这将保证南方民主党人重返国会，甚至比叛乱前拥有更多名额，让他们——在他们北方的民主党人盟友帮助下——对抗共和党保障前奴隶公民权利的努力。
Johnson's plan set off three years of bitter political warfare. The Republicans in Congress created their own Congressional Reconstruction plan. Still in the overall majority there, they reorganized ten of the Southern states into military occupation zones, requiring them to write new state constitutions that recognized black civil rights before they could be readmitted to the Union.
约翰逊的计划掀起了三年的政治苦战。国会中的共和党人打造了他们自己的国会重建计划。趁还是总体多数，他们把十个南方州改组为军事占领区，要求他们在重新加入联邦前编写新的州宪法承认黑人公民权利。
Over fierce Democratic opposition, the Republicans also managed to pass two new amendments to the Constitution—the 14th and 15th Amendments—guaranteeing due process in law and voting rights in elections. Those rights enabled the former slaves to help elect new state governments, to hold office, and even to send the first black representatives and senators to Congress—all Republicans.
在民主党人剧烈反对下，共和党人还成功通过了两条新的宪法修正案——第十四和第十五修正案——确保法律上的正当程序和选举上的投票权。那些权利让前奴隶能够帮助选举新的州政府，任职，甚至让第一位黑人众议员和参议员进入国会——都是共和党人。
Most important, in 1869, with the help of 500,000 votes from newly-enfranchised blacks, a new Republican president, Ulysses S. Grant, took office. Grant was solidly behind the Congressional Reconstruction plan.
最重要的是，在 1869 年，在刚刚获得选举权的黑人们的 50 万张选票帮助下，一位新的共和党总统，尤利西斯·S·格兰特，上台。格兰特坚定支持国会重建计划。
But a new problem arose: Disgruntled Southern whites organized themselves into ad hoc militias to terrorize Southern blacks and their white Republican supporters into silence. The largest and most famous of these militias went by a still-familiar name: the Ku Klux Klan.
但新的问题涌现：心怀不满的南方白人自组织起临时民兵组织恐吓南方黑人和他们的共和党白人支持者以让他们闭嘴。这些民兵组织中最大也最著名的有着人们熟悉的名字：三K党。
President Grant fought the Klan and other like-minded terror groups. But the fight required an extended military intervention to keep the peace, and that cost time and money. Grant also had to deal with Northern Democrats, who were sympathetic to Southern racism. With each new election—1868, 1870 and 1872—they gained more congressional seats and more power.
格兰特总统抗击三K党和其他理念相似的恐怖团体。但这场战斗需要扩大军事干预以维持和平，而它耗费时间和金钱。格兰特还要对付北方民主党人，他们赞同南方种族主义。每一次新选举——1868 年，1870 年和 1872 年——他们都得到更多的国会席位和更多权力。
And then, in 1873, a major financial depression began. Economically desperate, anxious to put the remnants of the Civil War behind them, voters gave control of the House of Representatives back to the Democrats in the 1874 midterm elections.
之后，在 1873 年，一次经济大恐慌开始了。经济上绝望，渴望把内战遗留抛诸身后，选民们在 1874 年中期选举把众议院控制权交回到民主党手中。
Grant left office in 1877. Soon after, the last Republican state governments in the South were overthrown. Black voters were disenfranchised, 'Jim Crow' racial segregation became the order, and the South returned to social and economic backwardness.
格兰特于 1877 年卸任，此后不久，南方最后一个共和党州政府也下台了。黑人选民被剥夺投票权，「吉姆·克劳」种族隔离成为秩序，南方社会与经济都回到落后状态。
What could we have done better?
我们本可以怎样做得更好？
First, we should have imposed a real occupation on the defeated Confederacy, until a new political generation grew up in the South which learned a newer lesson about race and rights than white supremacy.
首先，我们应该对战败邦联实行实际占领，直到南方新一政治世代长大，对种族与权利有更新的认识，而不是白人至上论。
Second, we should have gotten land ownership into the hands of the freed slaves and brought the South into the same world of free markets, economic mobility, small-scale manufacturing and industry that Lincoln's Republicans advocated.
第二，我们应该将土地所有权交到被解放奴隶手中，把南方带到同一个世界；拥有自由市场，经济流动性，小规模制造业与工业，林肯代表的共和党人所拥护的世界。
But the truth is that the North had won the war. But the South had won the peace.
但事实是北方赢得了战争。但南方赢得了和平。
That's the real story of Reconstruction.
这就是重建时期的真实故事。
I'm Allen Guelzo, professor of American history at Gettysburg College, for Prager University.
我是艾伦·盖佐，葛底斯堡学院美国史教授，为 PragerU 制作。
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