Sick of work? If you are held back by your organisation, it may be making you physically sick.
We're always hearing about how many billions it costs the economy when workers go off sick. Annually it could be as much as $350 billion in the US and $66 billion in the UK.
我们常常听到人说，我们的财政有多少多少亿花在了生病的雇员身上，实际上，美国每年花在这上面的钱大概就有3500亿美金，而英国每年大概要花660亿美金。
But what aspects of work make people sick?
但是是什么让人们生病的呢？
Nixon (2011) looked at 72 studies of the effect of occupational stress on physical symptoms including headaches, backaches, sleep disturbances and gastrointestinal problems. Here are the associations with physical symptoms in decreasing order of strength:
Nixon （2011）对72例因工作压力致病的情形进行了研究，其中包括头痛，背痛，睡眠障碍以及肠胃问题，下面我们将按致病的严重程度排序，来对可能致病的工作压力因素进行说明：
1. Organisational constraints
1. 组织约束
Overall the factor most strongly associated with physical symptoms was organisational constraints. These are the aspects of a workplace environment that stop you getting your job done. It could include things like not having the time, materials or the authority to reach the goals that have been set for you. It seems that this is likely to be the strongest cause of physical symptoms (although we can't say much about causality as this was a correlational study).The types of physical symptoms most associated with organisational constraints were tiredness and gastrointestinal problems.
总的来说，最易致病的工作压力因素是组织约束。在工作环境中，总是有着方方面面的原因，让你无法完成你的工作，无法达成预设目标，这可以是因为没有时间，没有资源，或者是没有权限，类似这样的情况看起来是最主要的致病因素（我们无法判断这样情形的发生会有多么的频繁，因为这只是一项相关性研究）。如果是因为组织约束致病，病理现象则常见于疲惫和肠胃问题。
2. Role conflict
2. 角色冲突
This is where one boss tells you to do one thing and another tells you to do something else. Infuriating. This was most associated with gastrointestinal problems.
有的时候，你的老板会叫你去干一件什么活儿，而其他的人又需要你去干另外的什么活儿，这种情况相当让人恼火，常常会导致肠胃问题。
3. Interpersonal conflict
3. 人际冲突
Interpersonal conflict covers anything from rude or unthinking behaviour by co-workers up to all-out bullying. Interpersonal conflict was most associated with sleep disturbances.
人际冲突则包含了很多内容，从同事粗鲁的不经大脑的举动到赤裸裸的恃强凌弱，都属于这个范畴。人际冲突常常会导致睡眠障碍。
4. Workload
4. 工作量
This is the first one that you might expect to appear higher up the list. We tend to think that it's having too much work that makes us ill. It certainly contributes but not as much as organisational constraints or role conflict. Unsurprisingly workload was most associated with fatigue.
也许你以为这一项会排的更靠前一些吧，哈哈。我们总是以为，太多的工作是让我们生病的主要原因，这当然是原因之一，但是它还比不上组织约束和角色冲突。众所周知，工作量主要会导致疲劳。
5. Role ambiguity
5. 职责不清
Role ambiguity occurs when you don't quite know what the job is. And when you don't know what's expected of you, the stress it causes is associated with illness. In fact in this analysis it was most associated with fatigue.
职责不清，也就是说你不是很清楚这份工作到底是要做什么，而当你都不清楚自己的职责的时候，这样的状态所带来的压力常常也会致病。实际上，在这次的研究中我们发现，这是导致疲劳的主要原因。
6 & 7. Work hours & lack of control
6&7. 工作时长及缺少管控
Work hours is most interesting because of how far down the list it comes. You might imagine that working hours would be at the top but it comes down at the bottom with lack of control, which had a similar association with physical symptoms. Both associations were weak, but still there.Work hours were most associated with eye strain while lack of control was most associated with backache and problems sleeping.
非常有趣，工作时长排名竟然如此靠下，你也许会以为这一项会排在最前面的吧。工作时长同缺少管控相似，它们与疾病之间的关系虽然较弱，但也仍然存在。工作时长常常与眼疲劳有关，而缺少管控则常常会导致背痛及睡眠问题。
Image credit: Peter Hellberg
摄影：Peter Hellberg
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