句子结构及成分
一. 陈述句, 疑问句, 祈使句, 感叹句
句子按用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：
He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：
Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?
Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：表示命令或者请求. 又叫无主句，主语通常为you,省略.
Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词.
How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!
句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
1）简单句：
只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
（划线部分为并列谓语 ，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）
2) 并列句：
由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
3）复合句：
复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系， 而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。
1. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
2. What he said is wrong.
（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构。What he said作主语，is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。What he said是名词性从句作主语）。
3. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
4. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（The boy is my brother.是一个主谓结构 who is wearing a hat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语the boy的定语。因此本句是复合句。）
5. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
6. I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语。因此是复合句。
练习：
判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm.
12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.
14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat
15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.
答案：1. 简单句 2. 复合句, The boy is called Tom是一个主谓结构 who offered me his seat也是一个主谓结构，为定语从句，作前一个主谓结构中主语the boy 的定语。
3. 简单句，反义疑问句 4. 简单句，my brother and I 是并列主语，后面go to school和come back为并列谓语，因此也只有一个主谓结构。5. 并列句 6.含有时间状语从句的复合句。7. 并列句 8. 复合句，what he said也是一个主谓结构，名词性从句作主语。 9. 简单句，只有一个主谓结构。10. 简单句，前面为并列主语。11. and连接的并列句 12. 由so连接的并列句 13. 简单句 14.but连接前后为并列句，但后面又是一个含有定语从句的复合句。15.含有让步状语从句的复合句。
考点： 两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句
一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。是并列句时要有and, so, but,等并列连词或用分号。是复合句时也要有连接词。总之，只用逗号而不用连接词简单的把两个主谓结构连接到一起的句子是错误的。如：
I like English, my English is very good.×
I like English and my English is very good.√
As I like English, my English is very good. √
I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
I have a house and its windows are very big. √
I have a house, whose windows are very big. √
练习：参看 定语从句 关系词的选择P137 6
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。
许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号
主语 在下面划一直线
谓语 在下面划曲线
宾语 在下面划双横线
定语 在下面划虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， 钉 谐音为“定语” 的“定”）
状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩， 木桩撞（状）钟）
补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）
同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）
1. 主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。
练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2. We often speak English in class.
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5. Smoking does harm to the health.
6. The rich should help the poor.
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9. That he isn’t at home is not true
答案：
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
2. We often speak English in class.（代词）
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
5. Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
6. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
9. That he isn’t at home is not true. (主语从句， that不能省略)
练习2. 改错
1) Do exercise everyday is good for your health.
2) That what he said isn’t true.
3) He came late made his teacher angry.
4) On the desk is two books.
答案：1）do改为doing, 用动名词作主语。2）去掉that, what本身都有连接作用。
3）在he前加That, 主语从句中that不能省。也可改为His coming late, 用动名词的复合结构作主语。4）is改为are, 介词短语不能作主语，本句是倒装句。
2. 谓语：
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
He reads newspapers every day.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。
如：We are students.
Your idea sounds great.
考点1. 在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数
当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。
当主语是一个人，并且不是I 和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es
1. We/You(你们)/They ____(go) to school every day.
2. Tom and Mike ____(go) to school every day.
3. His children ____(go) to school every day.
4. Tom ____(go) to school every day.
5. My brother ____(go) to school every day.
6. Your sister ____(go) to school every day.
7. Their son ____(go) to school every day.
8. He / She ____(go) to school every day.
答案：1-3， go 4-8, goes
考点2. 谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：
Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.×
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.√
The food delicious and I ate a lot. ×The food was delicious and I ate a lot. √
考点3. 在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,还有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。
She might stayed at home. × She might stay at home. √
He must comes. × He must come. √
考点4. 进行时是be + doing, 不要把be遗忘了
It raining heavily. × It was raining heavily. √
They planting trees on the farm. × They were planting trees on the farm. √
3. 表语：
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。
1) Our teacher of English is an American.
2) Is it yours?
3) The weather has turned cold.
4) The speech is exciting.
5) Three times seven is twenty one?
6) His job is to teach English.
7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
8) The machine must be under repairs.
9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.
答案：
1) Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
2) Is it yours?（代词）
3) The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4) The speech is exciting.（分词）
5) Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
6) His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
8) The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）
9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4. 宾语：
宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,
划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。
1) They planed many trees yesterday.
2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
5) I wanted to buy a car.
6) I enjoy listening to popular music.
7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.
答案：
1) They planed many trees yesterday.（名词）
2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（数词）
4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
5) I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短语）
6) I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
5. 宾语补足语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1) His father named him Dongming.
2) They painted their boat white.
3) Let the fresh air in.
4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5) We saw her entering the room.
6) We found everything in the lab in good order.
7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.
8) I want your homework done on time.
答案：
1) His father named him Dongming.（名词）
2) They painted their boat white.（形容词）
3) Let the fresh air in.（副词）
4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
5) We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
8) I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)
6. 主补：
对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
7. 定语：
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
考点1. 若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常置后。
I have something important to tell you.(important修饰something,却放在后面)
There is nothing interesting in the book.（ interesting 修饰 nothing）
考点2. 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）
考点3. 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）
The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）
考点4. 介词短语作定语时要后置
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
考点5. 名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数
boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses
考点6. 动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置
（参看 P104非谓语 作定语部分）
I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
考点7. 动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别 (参看P106非谓语部分)
This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)
The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语， 表正在进行）
考点8. Else, 别的，其它的，通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语
Who else do you know?
Somebody else might have taken it away.
You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A. Where else B. Where place else
C. Where else place D. Else where
考点9. enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置
1) I haven’t got enough money. I can’t afford it.（形容词作定语）
2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）
3) You can’t be careful enough. (副词作状语)
3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）
= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）
用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的
1. Tom is a handsome boy.
2. His boy needs Tom's pen.
3. The boy in blue is Tom.
4. The boy needs a ball pen.
5. The boy there needs a pen.
6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
7. There is nothing to do today.
8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
9. There are five boys left.
10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.
11. The boy you will know is Tom.
12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
13. He is reading an article about how to learn English.
14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.
答案：
1. Tom is a handsome boy. （形容词作定语）
2. His boy needs Tom's pen.( His物主代词Tom’s名词所有格,作定语：)
3. The boy in blue is Tom.(介词短语作后置定语)
4. The boy needs a ball pen.（名词作定语）
5. The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。副词作后置定语）
6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（要写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语）
7. There is nothing to do today.（不定式to do作nothing的定语 ）
8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。现在分词smiling作定语, 后面过去分词短语作定语）
9. There are five boys left.（有五个留下的男孩，数词和过去分词）
10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。定语从句）
11. The boy you will know is Tom.（你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。定语从句）
12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词，介词短语）
13. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（关于如何学英语的文章，介词短语作后置定语）
14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（进教室的第一个，不定式短语作后置定语）
15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（他在英语方面的快速进步，物主代词、形容词作定语，介词短语作后置定语）
16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（数词、名词作定语）
8. 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词)
This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词）
He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词）
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词）
考点1. 形容词、副词的选择
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用副词，作状语
作定语、表语和补语时一般用形容词
可简单的归结为：形修名，作表、定；副作状，修饰 副、形 动
He is careful.（作表语，用形容词）
He is a careful boy.（作定语， 用形容词）
练习: 参看 形容词和副词部分 P55 考点17
考点2. 几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.
考点3. 频度副词如often、always、usually等在be及助动词动词后,行为动词前。
He is often late.
He is always helping others.
He often came late.
考点4. 副词按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步
一. 方式副词
suddenly 突然地 rapidly 迅速地 warmly 热烈地 successfully 成功地
quickly 很快地 carefully 仔细地 proudly 骄傲地 angrily 愤怒地
二. 地点、方向副词
here 这里 there 那里 outside 在外 inside 在内
away 远离 straight 径直地 upstairs 上楼 backwards 向后
三. 时间副词
now 现在 then 当时 soon 不久 still 依然
tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天 already 已经 yet仍
四. 频度副词（又称：频率副词）
always 总是 usually 通常 frequently 频繁地 often 经常
sometimes 有时 seldom 很少，不常 rarely 罕有地 never 从不
五. 程度副词
very 非常 quite 十分 too 太 pretty 相当
rather 稍微 extremely 极端地 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎
练习：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语
1. How about meeting again at six?
2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.
3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
8. The boy needs a pen very much.
9. The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
11. She works very hard though she is old.
12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
答案：1. （时间状语） 2. （地点状语） 3. （原因状语） 4. （方式状语）
5. （伴随状语） 6. （目的状语） 7. （目的状语） 8. （程度状语）
9. （程度状语） 10. （结果状语） 11. （让步状语） 12. （比较状语）
13. （条件状语） 14. (时间状语，地点状语) 15. （原因状语）
9. 同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
It’s good to us students.
1． The young man, ___ ,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2. Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang's . D. of him
3. ___, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
(答案：B, A, C)
10. 独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。
肯定词yes 否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如:
It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)
We've worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)
The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ)
Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1) Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
2) Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )
3) He is smiling all over his face. ( )
4) I did well in English. ( )
5) He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )
答案：
1) Dark clouds hung overhead.(SV)
2) Gradually a smile appeared on her face. .(SV)
3) He is smiling all over his face. .(SV)
4) I did well in English. .(SV)
5) He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. .(SV)
基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有：
（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；
（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；
（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。
系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并写出该句的系动词。
1) His advice proved right. ( )
2) The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. ( )
3) The machine went wrong. ( )
4) All these efforts seem in vain. ( )
5) These words sound reasonable. ( )
6) The room soon became crowded. ( )
7) The days are getting longer and longer. ( )
8) He fell ill yesterday. ( )
9) Trees turn green in spring. ( )
10) What you said sounds great. ( )
答案：
1) His advice proved right. （SVP, proved）
2) The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. （SVP, stays）
3) The machine went wrong. （SVP, went）
4) All these efforts seem in vain （SVP, seem ）
5) These words sound reasonable. （SVP, sound）
6) The room soon became crowded. （SVP, became）
7) The days are getting longer and longer. （SVP, getting）
8) He fell ill yesterday. （SVP, fell）
9) Trees turn green in spring. （SVP, turn）
10) What you said sounds great. （SVP, sound）
基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1. My brother hasn't done his homework.. ( )
2. People all over the world speak English. ( )
3. Jim cannot dress himself. ( )
4. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. ( )
5. He did not know what to say. ( )
答案：
1. My brother hasn't done his homework.. (SVO)
2. People all over the world speak English. (SVO)
3. Jim cannot dress himself. (SVO)
4. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. (SVO)
5. He did not know what to say. (SVO)
基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
如：He give me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。
如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please。)
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(带来）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等
（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.
= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She gave John a book．= She bought a book for me.
分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. She ordered herself a new dress. ( )
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )
3. He brought you a dictionary. ( )
4. He denies her nothing. ( )
5. I showed him my pictures. ( )
6. I gave my car a wash. ( )
7. I told him that the bus was late. ( )
8. He showed me how to run the machine. ( )
答案：
1. She ordered herself a new dress. (SVoO)
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. (SVoO)
3. He brought you a dictionary. (SVoO)
4. He denies her nothing. (SVoO)
5. I showed him my pictures. (SVoO)
6. I gave my car a wash. (SVoO)
7. I told him that the bus was late. (SVoO)
8. He showed me how to run the machine. (SVoO)
基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
The war made him a soldier.（Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ他成为一个士兵，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）
New methods make the job easy. （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）
I often find him at work. （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）
I saw a cat running across the road.
分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并指出是什么充当句子的宾语补足语
1. They appointed him manager. （ ）
2. They painted the door green. （ ）
3. He pushed the door open. （ ）
4. They found the house deserted. （ ）
5. What makes him think so? （ ）
6. We saw him out. （ ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （ ）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （ ）
11. We elected him monitor. （ ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （ ）
答案:
1. They appointed him manager. （SVOC, 名词）
2. They painted the door green. （SVOC, 形容词）
3. He pushed the door open. （SVOC, 形容词）
4. They found the house deserted. （SVOC, 形容词）
5. What makes him think so? （SVOC, 省略to的不定式）
6. We saw him out. （SVOC, 副词）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （SVOC, 动词不定式）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （SVOC, 现在分词 ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （SVOC, 名词）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （SVOC, 过去分词 ）
11. We elected him monitor. （SVOC, 名词 ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （SVOC, 现在分词）
6. There be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。
考点1. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，
现在有 there is / are … 过去有 there was / were…
将来有 there will be…/ there is / are going to be...
现在已经有 there has / have been…
可能有 there might be... 肯定有 there must be …/ there must have been...
过去一直有 there used to be … 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …
考点2. 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。
Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for "help".
There must have been a village here.
There lies a book on the desk.
There stands a tree on the hill.
考点3. There be 与have 的区别
There be … 某地有某物，某时有某事
have 表示某人拥有某物。
且记：没有 there has a book on the desk. There has a meeting this evening.这样的表达方法
练习：翻译下来句子
1. 我有许多好朋友。
2. 今天晚上将有一场电影。
3. 公园内有许多人。
4. 树上有许多小鸟。
5. 一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。
答案:
1. I have many friends. 2. There is going to be a film tonight.
3. There are a lot of people in the park. 4. There are lots of birds in the tree.
5. A dog had four legs and a tail.
练习 ：划分句子成分练习
练习1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1) Tees turn green when spring comes.
2) The old man was feeling very tired.
3) His job is to train swimmers.
4) Where he was buried remained unknown.
5) What he said proved true.
6) We must keep quiet.
7) The shop stayed open until eleven.
8) She appeared younger than she really was.
9) His face went red.
10) He fell ill last week.
11) The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious.
从上面我们可以看出， 常见的系动词有，____, ________, _______, ________, ________, ________, _________, ________, _______, ________等，它们后面一般跟______词作表语。
答案:
1) Tees turn green when spring comes. (SVP)
2) The old man was feeling very tired. (SVP)
3) His job is to train swimmers. (SVP)
4) Where he was buried remained unknown. (SVP)
5) What he said proved true. (SVP)
6) We must keep quiet. (SVP)
7) The shop stayed open until eleven. (SVP)
8) She appeared younger than she really was. (SVP)
9) His face went red. (SVP)
10) He fell ill last week. (SVP)
11) The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. (SVP)
Turn, feel, be, remain, prove, keep, stay, appear, go, fall, taste 形容词
练习2. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会it的替代性用法。
1) It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.
2) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
3) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.
4) The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
5) She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
6) I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．
7) He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics.
8) I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.
从上面我们可以看出，作形式主语和形式宾语一般用代词______, 真正的主语或宾语通常是____________或___________, 放在后面。
答案:
1) It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.（SVP）
2) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. （SVP）
3) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. （SVO）
4) The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting . （SVOC）
5) She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. （SVOC）
6) I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．（SVOC）
7) He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics. （SVOC）
8) I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. （SVO）
It, 动词不定式，名词性从句（一般由that引导且不能省略，也有其它引导的）
练习3. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，留意定语是什么词性或结构充当，并留意定语的位置。
1) Comrades in her group often help her with grammar.
2) The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors.
3) The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
4) After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.
5) Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope.
6) People all over the world speak English.
7) The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .
8) We need a place twice larger than this one.
9) The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
10) Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
11) She carried a basket full of eggs.
12) It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
13) It’s a city far from the coast.
14) Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
15) He has money enough to buy a car.
16) Do you have anything else to say?
17) There is little time left.
18) There were few people present at the meeting.
19) Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.
20) The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.
21) The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers.
22) He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears.
23) The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth.
24) Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.
从上面我们可以看出，____________, ___________, __________和_______ 作定语时常后置。
答案:
1) Comrades in her group often help her with grammar. (SVO)
2) The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors. (SVO)
3) The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. (SVP)
4) After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.(there be)
5) Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope. (SVO)
6) People all over the world speak English. (SVO)
7) The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . (SVP)
8) We need a place twice larger than this one. (SVO)
9) The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (SV)
10) Every night he heard the noise upstairs. (SVO)
11) She carried a basket full of eggs. (SVO)
12) It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. (SVP)
13) It’s a city far from the coast. (SVP)
14) Some farmers saw something strange in the sky. (SVO)
15) He has money enough to buy a car. (SVO)
16) Do you have anything else to say? (SVO)
17) There is little time left. (there be)
18) There were few people present at the meeting. (there be)
19) Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.（there be）
20) The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.(SVP)
21) The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers. .(SVP)
22) He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears. .(SVoO)
23) The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth. .(SVP)
24) Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. .(SV)
介词短语、形容词短语 副词 定语从句
练习4. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1) What he said is true.
2) We must do what the party told us to do.
3) That is what interested her most.
4) We must do whatever the people want us to do.
5) Whoever smokes here will be punished.
答案:
1) What he said is true .(SVP)
2) We must do what the party told us to do. (SVO)
3) That is what interested her most. (SVP)
4) We must do whatever the people want us to do. (SVO)
5) Whoever smokes here will be punished. (SV)
练习5. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，并说明是什么词性或结构作宾语。
1) I hope to see him as soon as possible.
2) He wouldn’t mind being left alone.
3) We are considering making a new plan.
4) It just missed being caught.
5) She admitted having taken the key.
6) My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.
7) I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job.
8) I stopped to take a break.
9) She tried living alone.
10) These young trees require looking after carefully.
11) Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
12) I meant to have called you.
13) To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.
14) To save money now seems impossible.
15) Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
从上面我们可以看出，动词原形不能作主语、宾语，要变为________或______之后才能作主语和宾语。
答案：
1) I hope to see him as soon as possible.（SVO, 动词不定式作宾语）
2) He wouldn’t mind being left alone. （SVO, 动名词被动式作宾语）
3) We are considering making a new plan. （SVO, 动名词短语作宾语）
4) It just missed being caught. （SVO, 动名词被动是作宾语）
5) She admitted having taken the key. （SVO, 动名词完成式作宾语）
6) My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.SVO, 动名词短语作宾语）
7) I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job. （SVO, 不定式短语作宾语）
8) I stopped to take a break. （SV 不定式作目的状语）
9) She tried living alone. （SVO, 动名词短语作宾语）
10) These young trees require looking after carefully. （SVO, 动名词短语作宾语）
11) Missing the train means waiting for an hour. （SVO, 动名词短语作宾语）
12) I meant to have called you. （SVO, 动词不定式的完成式作宾语）
13) To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. （SVP, 动词不定式作主语）
14) To save money now seems impossible. （SVP,动词不定式作主语）
15) Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
（SVO, 动名词短语作主语）
动词不定式 动名词
练习6. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译, 体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。
1) She found it difficult to do the work.
2) They made him monitor of the class.
3) We will make our school more beautiful. （
4) All of us considered him honest.
5) They pushed the door open.
6) Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground.
7) His hunger had made him forget army discipline.
8) The old man asked us to sit down.
9) I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
10) They saw Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? （
11) He noticed a man enter the room.
12) The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs.
13) I will have my watch repaired tomorrow.
14) On his way home, he suddenly heard his name called.
15) By speaking slowly, he made himself understood.
16) We want these trees planted soon.
17) I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
18) He left me waiting there.
19) I left the bag lying on the ground.
20) I can’t get my car running on cold morning.
我们可以看出，非谓语做宾语补足语时，如果宾补和宾语之间是主动关系，常用现在分词或不定式做宾补，如果宾补和宾语之间是被动关系，则用______________作宾补。
答案:
1) She found it difficult to do the work. （SVOC，形容词作宾补）
2) They made him monitor of the class. （SVOC，名词作宾补）
3) We will make our school more beautiful. （SVOC，形容词短语作宾补）
4) All of us considered him honest. （SVOC，形容词作宾补）
5) They pushed the door open. （SVOC，形容词作宾补）
6) Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground. （SVOC，现在分词作宾补）
7) His hunger had made him forget army discipline. （SVOC，省略to的不定式作宾补）
8) The old man asked us to sit down. （SVOC，不定式作宾补）
9) I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. （SVOC，省略to的不定式作宾补）
10) They saw Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? （SVOC，现在分词短语作宾补
11) He noticed a man enter the room. （SVOC，省略to的不定式作宾补）
12) The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs. （SVOC，省略to的不定式作宾补）
13) I will have my watch repaired tomorrow. （SVOC，过去分词作宾补）
14) On his way home, he suddenly heard his name called. （SVOC，过去分词作宾补）
15) By speaking slowly, he made himself understood. （SVOC，过去分词作宾补）
16) We want these trees planted soon. （SVOC，过去分词作宾补）
17) I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow. （SVOC，过去分词作宾补）
18) He left me waiting there. （SVOC，现在分词作宾补）
19) I left the bag lying on the ground. （SVOC，现在分词作宾补）
20) I can’t get my car running on cold morning. （SVOC，现在分词作宾补）
过去分词
练习7. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1) I will bring you the book when I come next time.
2) He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets.
3) My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
4) She showed us many of her pictures.
5) Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
我们可以看出，一些动词后面可以跟两个宾语， 一个表示人，叫做________宾语,
一个表示物，叫做_______宾语.
答案：
1) I will bring you the book when I come next time. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
2) He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
3) My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
4) She showed us many of her pictures. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
5) Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
间接 直接
练习8. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，说出是什么词性或结构作定语，并体会定语和所修饰词之间的逻辑关系。
1) There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
2) There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
3) There are many clothes to be washed.
4) There were many houses burned in the fire.
5) The bell indicating the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion.
6) Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
7) A boy calling himself John wanted to see you
8) He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home
9) Haven’t you seen the sign reading “NO PHOTO”?
10) The cars made in
11) Most of the singers invited to the party were from
12) With the government’s aid, those affected by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.
我们可以看出，非谓语作定语时， 如果和所修饰词构成主动关系， 用__________;
如果和所修饰词构成被动关系， 用___________; 如果表将来，多用___________.
答案：
1) There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. （there be句型，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
2) There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. （there be句型，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
3) There are many clothes to be washed. （there be句型，动词不定式作定语，表将来）
4) There were many houses burned in the fire. （there be句型，过去分词短语作定语，被动关系）
5) The bell indicating the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion.（SV，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
6) Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. （SV，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
7) A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.(SVO，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
8) He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home（SVO，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
9) Haven’t you seen the sign reading “NO PHOTO”? （SVO，现在分词短语作定语，主动关系）
10) The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany（SVP，过去分词短语作定语，被动关系）
11) Most of the singers invited to the party were from
12) With the government’s aid, those affected by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.
现在分词，过去分词， 不定式
练习9. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，说出是什么词性或结构作状语语，并体会状语和句子主语之间的逻辑关系。
1) To kill the boring time, I began to read a book.
2) Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .
3) Holding his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting.
4) He sat there doing nothing.
5) Mary said pointing to the notice.
6) He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information.
7) The teacher entered the classroom, followed by two students.
8) He sat on the platform, prepared to answer the question.
9) His parents died, leaving him an orphan. （SV，现在分词作结果状语，主动关系）
10) Tasting wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.
11) Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
12) Built hundreds years ago, the temple looked old.
我们可以看出，非谓语作状语时， 如果和句子主语构成主动关系， 用__________;
如果和句子主语构成被动关系， 用___________; 如果表目的，多用__________
答案：
1) To kill the boring time, I began to read a book. （SVO，动词不定式目作的状语，主动关系）
2) Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .（SVP，现在分词作原因状语，主动关系）
3) Holding his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting. （SV，现在分词作状语，伴随，主动关系）
4) He sat there doing nothing. （SV，现在分词作状语，表伴随，主动关系）
5) Mary said pointing to the notice. （SV，现在分词作状语，表伴随，主动关系）
6) He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. （SVoO，现在分词作状语，伴随，主动关系）
7) The teacher entered the classroom, followed by two students. （SVO，过去分词作状语表伴随，被动关系）
8) He sat on the platform, prepared to answer the question. （SV，形容词作状语，说明主语的状态）
9) His parents died, leaving him an orphan. （SV，现在分词作结果状语，主动关系）
10) Tasting wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale. （SVO，现在分词作原因状语，主动关系）
11) Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. （SVO，过去分词作原因状语，被动关系）
12) Built hundreds years ago, the temple looked old.（SVP过去分词作原因状语，被动关系）
过去分词， 现在分词，动词不定式
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