定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clause)，又称关系从句(Relative Clause)，是由关系词引导的分句结构，有限制性和非限制性之分，在句子中起定语作用修饰一个名词或者代词，有时也可以修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词称作先行词，定语从句通常位于先行词之后。由于在句子中的作用相当于形容词，所以定语从句又可称为形容词性从句，与名词性从句相对应。
定语从句是英语中从句部分的一大重点，虽然有些繁杂，但也比较容易掌握。本讲义将从定语从句的连接词入手，详细介绍两类定语从句，及其在应用中的注意事项，帮助您抓住细微的语法点，彻底掌握定语从句。
第一节
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在剧中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。
Do you know the girl who is dancing on the stage? 你认识正在台上跳舞的那个姑娘吗？(the girl为先行词，who为关系代词，引导定语从句修饰the girl)
This is the museum which was built last year. 这就是去年建的博物馆。(the museum为先行词，which为关系代词，引导定语从句修饰the museum)
I’ll forever cherish the days when I studied in the college. 我将永远珍惜我在大学学习的日子。（the days为先行词，when为关系副词，引导定语从句修饰the days）
Let’s find a place where we can have a rest. 咱们找一个能休息的地方。(a place为先行词，where为关系副词，引导定语从句修饰a place)
引导定语从句的关系代词有that, who, whom, whose, which等；关系副词有：when, where, why等。具体如下表所示：
关系词 | 词形 | 所修饰的先行词 | 在从句中所作的成分 |
关系代词 | who | 人 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | |
that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语、表语 | |
whose | 人或物 | 定语 | |
关系副词 | when | 时间名词 | 时间状语 |
where | 地点名词 | 地点状语 | |
why | 原因名词 | 原因状语 |
1
关系代词指代的是先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。作宾语时，可以省略；如果关系代词作介词的并与且介词提到关系代词的前面时，关系代词不能省略。
1.1
二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。
He is the man who picked up my purse yesterday.他就是昨天见到我钱包的那个男子。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。
I happened to meet the scientist (who/ whom) I got to know at a conference in shopping center yesterday. 昨天在购物中心，我碰巧遇见了在一次会议上认识的那位科学家。
注意：在从句中作介词的宾语，且直接跟在介词后面的关系代词，只能用whom，不能与who通用。
Yesterday I came cross a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket. 剧中的关系代词whom代替a few friends，在从句中作介词with的宾语，而且介词with提到关系代词的前面，所以只能用whom。
1.2
whose一般指人，但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
A child whose parents are dead is called orphan. 失去双亲的孩子被叫做孤儿。
Do you know the girl whose French is excellent? 你认识那个法语非常好的姑娘吗？
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。(= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.)
1.3
which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔作定语。which在指人时往往指婴儿或指人的品质。
The train which has just left is for Xi’an. 刚刚开走的火车是驶往西安的。
This is the book (which) you need for the exam. 这正是这次考试你所需要的书。
The river which runs through the village brings us lots of pleasures.
穿过村庄的那条河给我们带来很多欢乐。
1.4
that用于指人或物。指人时可与who, whom互换，指物时可与which互换。在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前，此时用which或whom等其他词代替。
The sick man (that/ who/ whom) Mary is looking after is her father.
玛丽正在照顾的病人是她的父亲。
Views that/ which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
那些全新的或是来自国外的观点也可能很难被接受。
Can you lend me the novel which/ that you talked about the other day?
你可以把前几天你说的那本小说借给我吗？
1.5
as引导定语从句主要用于两种结构，一种是用于as we all know类句型中，一种是用于such … as…，the same… as… 等固定结构中。
1.5.1
as引导这些句子可以看做定语从句，as在这些定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
He is a great hero, as is described in the report.
正如在报道中描述的那样，他是一个伟大的英雄。（as在定语从句中作主语）
Jim works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know.
我们都知道，吉姆工作努力又乐于助人。（as在定语从句中作know的宾语）
The boy has made much progress, as we had expected.
如我们所愿，这个男孩已经取得了很大进步。（as在定语从句中作expected的宾语）
Things are not the same as they used to be.
事情和以前不一样了。（as在定语从句中作表语）
注意：as在此类定语从句中含有“正如”的意思，这类定语从句也可以放在句首、句中，放于句首时，更像是状语从句。
As we all know, she can speak three foreign languages.
= She can speak three foreign languages, as we all know.
= She, as we all know, can speak three foreign languages.
正如我们都知道的那样，她会说三门外语。
1.5.2
as引导定语从句常出现于such… as…，the same… as…，as… as…，so… as…中。
as引导的定语从句常用省略形式。在从句中既可指人、物，也可指整个句子。
You can take as many candies as you want.
你想要多少糖果就拿多少。（第二个as在定语从句中作want的宾语）
We haven’t so much food as you need.
我们没有你需要的那么多食物了。（as在定语从句中作need的宾语）
Jeffrey is not such a diligent student as you think.
杰弗里不是你认为的那样勤奋的学生。（as在定语从句中作think的宾语）
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.
那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重（as在定语从句中作主语）
注意：such… that …引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，有时可以省略。
Television has such great influence (that) it can make a person famous over night.
电视有如此大的影响力，它可以让人一夜成名。(that在句中不作成分)
2
关系副词主要有when, where, why, that等，在定语从句中主要作状语。关系副词在定语从句中一般不可省略。
2.1
when指时间，在从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time, day, morning, night, week, year等。有时when也可和部分介词一起引导定语从句。
I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.
我仍然记得那一次坐飞机旅行的时间。
Do you know the year when the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
你知道中国共产党是哪年成立的吗？
She went to study abroad two years ago, since when I haven’t heard from her.
她两年前出国留学了，从那以后我没有受到她的来信。
2.2
where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。
This is the hotel where they stayed last month.
这就是他们上个月住过的宾馆。
Keep the medicine in a place where you can find them easily.
请把药放在容易找到的地方。
Great changes have taken place since then in the mountain village where I lived tem years ago.我十年前生活的小山村已经发生了巨大的变化。
2.3
why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。why可以省略。
试比较：I have no idea why she doesn’t like Peter. 这是一句同位语从句！不是定语从句。
Is this the reason why she refused to offer help?
这就是她拒绝提供帮助的理由吗？
I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.
我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因的。
I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were late.
我不想听任何你迟到的理由。
2.4
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后取代when, where, why和“介词 + which”引导定语从句，修饰的现行词通常为the way, the time, the day, the place, the places等，that常被省略。
The way (that/ in which) one behaves says what type of person he is.
一个人的行为举止能说明他是一个什么样的人。(= How one behaves says what type of person he is.)
It took us two hours to find a small river with clean water (that/ where/ in which) we could see fish swimming.
我们花了两个小时时间才找到一条清澈的小河，在那我们可以看到小鱼游水。
The reason (that/ why) he lost his life was the ignorance of the doctor.
他的死是由于医生的疏忽。
第二节
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句与从句和非限制性定语从句。在第一节的内容中所举的例子都是限制性定语从句，本节内容着重讲非限制性定语从句。
1.1.
限制性定语从句来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词间的关系非常密切，它所修饰的先行词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物，说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，如果去掉，则意思含混不清。
A doctor is a person who cures patients.医生就是治疗病人的人。
This is the car which I bought last year.这就是我去年买的汽车。
The person (whom/ who) you were looking for is upstairs.你找的那个人正在楼上。
This is the file (which/ that) he refers to in the discussion yesterday.
这就是他昨天在讨论会上提到过的文件。
1.2.
非限制性定语从句，顾名思义就是对先行词没有特别限定的从句，常由who, whom, which, whose, as, when, where等关系词引导。
1.2.1.
非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全局的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为响应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系紧密，只是对先行词作一些附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
A 6-year-old boy can speak three foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个六岁的小孩能讲三国外语，这让在场的人都很吃惊。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子有一个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very interesting.
这本小说真有意思，我已经读了三遍了。
Miss Green, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
格林小姐昨天来看我，她是的一个老朋友。
1.2.2.
1)
The boy didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed his parents very much.
男孩没有通过这次考试，这使他的父母很失望。
The movie is very touching, as most audience say.
正如大多数观众所说的，这部电影很感人。
2)
Charles Smith, who was my former English teacher, died last year.
查理·史密斯去年去世了，他曾经是我的英文老师。
Hangzhou, which is a nice city, attracts many visitors every day.
杭州这个美丽的城市每天吸引很多游客。
The sun, which gives off a great deal of heat, is a great source of energy.
太阳这个发出巨大热量的球体是一个巨大的能源。
3)
I have an elder brother, who graduated from Peking University.
我有一个哥哥，他毕业于北京大学。（只有一个哥哥）
Her daughter, who is now studying in New York, graduated from our school.
她的女儿是从我们学校毕业的，现在正在纽约学习。（只有一个女儿）
My father, who is a doctor, is very strict with us.
我的父亲是一位医生，他对我们要求很严格。
★
I have an elder brother who graduated from Peking University.
我有一个毕业于北京大学的哥哥。（可能有几个哥哥，其中一个毕业于北京大学。）
4)
There’s too much information on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
因特网上信息太多，其中一些不可靠。
I earn only 1,000 dollars a month, half of which is spent on the rent for apartment.
我一个月仅赚1000美元，其中一半用来交房租。
I have invited more than one hundred friends to the party, most of whom are my business partners.我邀请了100余人参加宴会，其中大多数都是生意伙伴。
第三节
定语从句是从句中比较复杂的一类，既设计先行词、关系代词、关系副词的用法，也设计各种句法结构、时态、语态、语气等，因此应注意归纳和掌握。
前两节已经介绍了定语从句的连接词和两类定语从句。这是本节内容的基础，然而要熟练应用定语从句，本节内容是非常重要的，考生应认真学习和听讲！
一、
关系代词和关系副词在限制性定语从句的一些特定的情况下皆有省略的情况。
1.
1)
I have never regretted the decision (that/ which) I made years ago.
我从来没有为我几年前作出的决定感到遗憾/后悔。
You’d better review the words (that/ which) you learnt yesterday.
你最好复习一下昨天学过的单词。
2)
After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be.
= After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy as he used to. (as不能省略,be 去掉)
二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年淘气的男孩子了。
The city is not the one (that) it was years ago. Great changes have taken place.
这座城市不再是多年前的样子了，它已经发生了巨大的变化。
3)
Now Olympic Games is a hot topic (which/ that) people are talking about.
现在奥运会是人们正在谈论的热点话题。
Emily’s health is the biggest thing (which/ that) her parents are greatly concerned about.
艾米丽的健康问题是她父母最担心的事情。
2.
1)
That’s the place (where) he lived when he was a child.
这就是他小时候住的地方。
This is the place (where) we first met years ago.
这就是我们多年前第一次见面的地方。
2)
That’s the reason (why) I asked you to do this.
这就是我叫你做这件事的原因。
The reason (why) he didn’t want to help us is very clear.
他不想帮助我们的理由是非常清楚的。
3)
I don’t like the way (that) you speak to me.
我不喜欢你对我谈话的那种方式。
I appreciate the way (that) he dealt with this matter.
我很欣赏他处理这件事情的方式。
二、
that和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语，指物。作宾语时，均可省略。在通常情况下，可互换使用。但有时that和which却不宜随便互换。
1.
He did everything that he could to help us. 他做了一切能做的事来帮助我们。
The government officers promised to do all that they can to alleviate the hardships of people.
政府官员承诺尽他们最大努力减轻人民的苦难。
There is little that I can do for you. 我能为你做的很少。
2.
All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.
我们唯一能做的就是给你提供一些建议。
This is the very book that I want to buy. 这正是我想要买的书。
Writing is the only thing that interests me. 写作是唯一令我感兴趣的。
3.
This is the most touching story that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最感人的故事。
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
这是我曾经住过的最贵的旅馆
The first thing that we need to do is to find a hotel to have a rest.
我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一家宾馆好好休息一下。
When people talk about Hollywood, the first that comes to mind is the movie.
当人们谈及好莱坞时，第一个映入脑海的事物就是电影。
4.
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
客人高度赞扬了这些孩子及他们在少年宫所观看的孩子们的表演。
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt the other day?
你能记起我们前几天学过的那个科学家和他的理论吗？
5.
Who is the person that came to see you yesterday? 昨天来看你的那个人是谁？
Which is the dress that fits me most? 哪件裙子最适合我啊？
三、
1.
The middle school in which I used to study has become a factory.
我过去学习的中学现在已经变成了一家工厂。
The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.
你现在正用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。
2.
Have you ever read the book the Three Musketeers, which was written by Alexander Dumas?
你读过大仲马写的《三个火枪手》吗？
She didn’t pass the exam, which depressed her greatly.
她没通过考试，这使她很沮丧。
3.
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？
I have that which you give me. 我有你给我的那个。
4.
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English.
这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高英语。
The thief who, as we predicted, stole a bike on the square yesterday, turned up again.
正如我们所料，昨天在广场上偷了一辆自行车的那个小偷又出现了。
四、
1.
先行词如果是one, ones, anyone时，不宜用that。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我。
We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuition fee to drop out of school.
我们不想让任何交不起学费的人辍学。
2.
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。
Those who want to take part in the sports meeting sign up here.
想参加运动会的人在这里签名。
3.
Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.
史密斯教授就要来给我们作一场关于如何学英语的讲座。
The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
这个小男孩在找妈妈的过程中迷了路，正哭得厉害。
4.
There is an old man who says he is your uncle. 有位老人说他是你的伯父。
There are many young men who support him. 有许多年轻人支持他。
五、
关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句可以用整个主句作为其先行词，指代上文或下文所说的一件事。但as与which具有不同词义、句法和用法。
1.
此时的as仍具有“正如，像，由······而知，与······一致”等某些连词的意义。翻译时有时可不必译出。常作实义动词（如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等）的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。由as引导的此类从句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。
As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
Einstein, as we know (= as is well known), is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
China is a beautiful country with long history, as is known to all.
人人皆知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽的家园。
There was a bookstore around here, as I remember.
我记得这儿附近有一家书店。
2.
which此时指前面主句所提到的这件事，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，只能位于被修饰句子的后面。
She stole her friend’s money, which (= and that) was disgraceful.
她偷了朋友的钱，这真是丢人的事。
Tom was admitted to the Harvard University, which (= and that) makes his parents very relieved. 汤姆被哈佛大学录取了，这让他的父母深感欣慰。
3.
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
他在当地文法学校接受过教育，之后去了剑桥。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I’ll ask her.
莉莉可能会来的，要是那样的话我就去问她。
4.
Jane told me she had apologized to Lucy for her mistake, which was a lie.
简告诉我说她已经为她的错误向露西道歉了，这是一个谎言。（was不可省略）
As (was) planned, we met at the station after shopping.
按照计划，我们买完东西在车站见面。（可省略was）
5.
He pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand.
他假装不认识我，我真不明白。
He seldom communicates with the classmates, which I find quite strange.
他很少和同学交流，我认为太奇怪了。
六、
1.
This is the same computer that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台电脑。
This is the same computer as I used yesterday. 这台电脑跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
I have the same opinion as/ that you have. 我的观点和你的一样。
2.
Women received the same pay as men (did). 妇女领导了和男子一样的工资。
= Women received the same pay that men received.
3.
This is the same song (that) I heard the other day. 这就是我前几天听过的那首歌。
= This is the song I heard the other day.
4.
He lives in the same city as I live. 他和我住在同一个城市。
= He lives in the same city that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place as we last met? 我们可以在上次相见的地方见面吗？
= Shall we meet at the same place that we last met at?
七、
“介词 + which”可以替代when, where, why等；“介词 + whom/ whose”在定语从句中没有与之对应的替代词。
1.
替代when，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the days on which (when) we lived together.
我永远忘不了我们一起生活的日子。
The year in which (when) the Tangshan earthquake happened was 1976.
发生唐山大地震的那年是1976年。
2.
替代where，在定语从句中作地点状语。
This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born.
这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。
The house in which (where) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我十年前住的房子已经被推倒了。
3.
替代why，在定语从句中作原因状语。
There’s no reason for which (why) we don’t attend the party.
我们没有理由不参加聚会。
I’d like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were late again.
我想让你解释一下你再次迟到的原因。
4.
替代that，在定语从句中作方式状语、时间状语。
There are varieties of ways in which (that) we can solve this problem.
我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。
March is the best time in which/ during which (that) farmers plough their fields.
三月是农民耕地的最佳时间。
5.
此类结构常见的有 some/ several/ a few/ a little/ many/ more/ the largest of which/whom等形式。
Here are the questions, most of which (=of which most) I thought easy for you.
就是这些问题，我认为大部分对你来说很容易。
Present at the meeting were almost experts on psychology, most of whom (=of whom most) came from US. 出息会议的大都是心理学家，其中大部分来自美国。
6.
1)
I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花了我所有的积蓄。（on就是依据spend… on….结构来确定的）
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
做皮鞋生意是格林家投入的事业。（介词to是依据be devoted to结构而定的）
2)
In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1000 people now work.
在十年的时间里，吉尔从在邮局做起，一直做到开公司，现在有1000多人在她的公司上班。
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
3)
The colorless gas without which the plant cannot live is called carbon dioxide.
这种无色的气体就是二氧化碳，离开了它指物就不能活。
You’ve anyway made several grammar mistakes, excerpt for which your composition would be the best.
你不知怎的犯了几个语法错误，要不是这几个语法错误，你的作文将会是最好的。
4)
Here is the money with which to buy a computer. 这就是买电脑的钱。
= Here is the money to by a computer with.
Nancy is the right person on whom to depend. 南希是值得信赖的人。
= Nancy is the right person to depend on.
注意：有些“动词 + 介词”习语如look for，look after，call on等不可把介词置于关系代词前。如果介词提前，将会失去动词习语的意义。
My younger brother, after whom I have to look, is demanding. (×)
My younger brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding. (√)
我得找看我的弟弟，真是让人费神。
八、
定语从句在实际运用的过程中，具有较强的灵活性，因此其结构也较为复杂，现将常见的特殊定语从句列举如下：
1.
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做被分隔的定语从句。在阅读文章时经常遇到这种情况，因此要注意识别先行词。
一般说来，定语从句被分隔开来大致有以下三种情况：
1)
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上万颗像太阳般的星星。（that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，但不能修饰sky而应修饰先行词stars）
2)
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链吗？（定语从句修饰afternoon而不是years）
3)
此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后。
A new technician will come tomorrow who will teach you how to use the new equipment.
明天，新的技术员将来教你们怎样使用新设备。
2.
有时定语从句的关系词语从句中的句子成分之间会插入“人称代词 + think/ believe/ guess等”表猜测等态度的句子，这种定语从句被称为混杂式定语从句。
That evening some Chongqing people saw something that they thought was a UFO flying across the sky. 那天傍晚，一些重庆人看到了他们认为是不明飞行物的东西从天空中飞过。
Many college students have mastered computer, driving and foreign languages, which we all knoware the most important things in today’s society.
很多大学生都掌握了计算机、驾驶和外语的技能，我们都知道这些在当今社会是非常重要的。
3.
两个或两个以上的定语从句同时修饰一个先行词时，这样的定语从句叫做多重定语从句。
Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which/ that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方，也是全世界的人都渴望去观光游览的地方。
He said he would never forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life.
他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相见的那一刻，那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福的一刻。
注意：
多重定语从句中第二个以及之后的所有关系词都不能省略，一面引起句意的模糊不清。
China is an attractive country which has the largest population, where there are lots of mysterious stories and legends and that many westerners are still not familiar with.
中国是个充满魅力的国家，她拥有世界上最多的人口，有许多神秘的故事和传说，但也是很多西方人还不熟悉的国度。
4.
在含将来意义的定语从句中，我们可以省略主语和谓语的一部分（主要是情态动词和助动词），而代之以“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式，这叫做省略式定语从句，或者叫做定语从句的省略形式。主句的主语必须与不定式的逻辑主语一致，否则不能改成省略式定语从句。
I intend to make friends with some English from whom to improve English.
我打算交一些英国朋友，从他们那儿我可以提高英语水平。
(完整句式是：I intend to make friends with some English from whom I can improve my English.)
She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which to buy her family a big flat.
她很想从股市赚一大笔资金给她的家人买一套大公寓。
(完整句式是：She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which she can buy her family a big flat.)
九、
1.
同位语从句的先行词常是一些具有具体信息内容或一定内涵的名词，如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises mangy people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（同位语从句）
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
Word came that he had married in America.
据说他已经在美国结婚了。（同位语从句）
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位医生在房间里。（定语从句）
His mother did all she could to help him overcome the difficulty.
他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他度过难关。（定语从句）
Our team has won the game, which made us very excited.
我们的队赢了，这让我们很兴奋。（定语从句）
2.
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。
试比较下列两组句子：
第一组：
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。（同位语从句，补充说明news到底是个什么消息）
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。（定语从句，news在从句中作told的宾语）
第二组：
I made a promise that if anyone invest in my company I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁投资我的公司，我就让他非常富有。（同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是个什么诺言）
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。（定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语）
3.
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。
The question whether we need new staff has not been considered.
我们是否需要新员工这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句）
I have no idea what has happened to him.
我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句）
4.
引导that引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。
The order that we should send a few people to help the other group was received yesterday.
我们昨天收到了应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令。（同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，但不能省略）
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。（定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在句中作received的宾语，可以省略）
十、
在转化的过程中，限制性定语从句仍需要转化成限制性，非限制性的定语从句仍需要转化为非限制性。定语从句与分词的转化分为一下几种情况：
1.
这种形式只需要去掉定语从句中的who/ which/ which
The teacher (who is) giving a lecture now just returned from England.
正在做演讲的老师刚从英格兰回来。
I love the poems (which were) written by Shelley. 我喜欢雪莱写的诗。
2.
Look at that house. That is my home which stands at the top of the mountain.
→Look at that house. That is my house standing at the top of the mountain.
瞧，那就是我的家，坐落在山顶上。
My brother, who lived in France for ages, now lives in Beijing.
→My brother, having lived in France for ages, now lives in Beijing.
我哥哥在法国住过多年，现在住在北京。
3.
My mother, who hasn’t been used to living in the city, has made up her mind to settle in the country.
→My mother, not having been used to living in the city, has made up her mind to settle in the country.
→Not having been used to living in the city, my mother has made up her mind to settle in the country. 我妈妈由于不习惯住在城市，决定到乡村定居。
Charles, who was a brave man, returned to France.
→Being a brave man, Charles returned to France. 勇敢的查尔斯回到了法国。
Jenny, who had folded the letter, put it carefully in her pocket.
→Jenny, having folded the letter, put it carefully in her pocket.
→Having folded the letter, Jenny put it carefully in her pocket.
詹尼叠好信小心地放进了衣兜里。
十一、
一般来讲，定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
one of + 复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词复数形式；
the (only) one of, the very/ right +复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词单数形式。
I am one who is afraid of difficulty. 我是个不怕困难的人。
Please choose me, who am qualified for this job.
请选择我，我适合做这项工作。
Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.
有问题要问的人，今天下午到我办公室来。
That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that have appeared in recent years.
那本词典是近几年来所见到的最有价值的词典之一。
Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals that is noted for its busy harbour.
布宜诺斯艾利斯是一个以其繁忙的海港而闻名的国家首都。
He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.
他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。
十二、
定语从句中的时态一般不受主句影响，主要依据具体的语境和意义而定。
The professor who lectured yesterday is from Peking University.
昨天做演讲的教授来自北京大学。（从句中运用一般过去时）
The professor who is lecturing now is from Peking University.
现在正在演讲的教授来自北京大学。（从句应用现在进行时）
The professor who will lecture tomorrow is from Peking University.
明天要来做演讲的教授来自北京大学。（从句运用一般将来时）
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