语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。词 法 ----语法----句法简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。复合句：〖大句套小句〗一气：虚拟语气二词：非谓语动词、情态动词三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句语法非谓语动词一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词二、 啥样呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 动名词：Doing3. 分词：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语▲ 方法一：口诀法非谓语，三要点。变否定，NOT前。哼哈将，时逻关。七仙女，记心间。（一） 变否定（二） 哼哈将1.动词不定式主动关系被动关系一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing(To be being done)完成进行式To have being doing(To have been being done)▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night.▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping.▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.2.动名词 （同时具有动词和名词的双重性质，Doing）主动关系被动关系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done▲ 一般式：动名词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。AA：谓语动词 B：动名词☆☆若非谓语动词动作在谓语动词动作之后发生，则通常用"To do" ▲完成式：动名词动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg6. She didn't acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky that it had just missed being caught.To DoDoing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do→计划 mean doing→意味着 )☆ ☆某些词(need, demand→要求, deserve→应得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动。Eg8. The house needs repairing.※ Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要......) / doing(想要被......)3.分词1）Doing & Done( 现在分词与过去分词相区分的三大原则a. 现在分词表示动作正在发生 The falling man过去分词表示已经完成 The fallen manb. 非谓语动词作定语，其逻辑主语就是其所修饰的词The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film过去分词现在分词被动主动Eg10. The amazing man............（A）The amazed man............（B）A.小丑 B.观众c. 现在分词有时间逻辑上的变化，而过去分词没有主动关系被动关系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done☆ ☆三个区分：~ Done & Being doneDone 已经被 Being done 正在被~ Done & Having done~ Done & Having been done已经被（通常可互换） 过去分词更强调一种由始至终的动作， Having been done更强调分词的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the restaurant.2)独立主格自己的 主语Eg13. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.独立主格：（两大语法功能）a. 具有自己本身的逻辑主语，这个主语不是句子中真正的主语b. 独立主格结构在整个句子中充当状语adj.adv.介词短语不定式Doing →主动Done →被动Eg14. The job __A__, we went straight home.A. finished B. finishingC. had finished D. was finished（三） 七仙女非谓语主语宾语介词宾语宾语补足语状语定语表语不定式动名词分词逻辑主语本身通常是句子本身主语通常是句子本身主语宾语句子本身主语所修饰的词通常是句子本身主语1) 作主语区分▲ Dong 更强调经常性、习惯性动作To do 更强调一次性动作( Doing-To do 转换Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.( It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do......（To do做真正主语）( It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作宾语区分( like/love/hate/prefer+to do+doing(To do更强调一次性动作；Doing更强调经常性、习惯性动作)Eg16. I like dancing but I don't like to dance with you now.( (见例)To do 表将来，Doing 表事已做过Eg17. RememberForgetRegret▲ 方法二：讲故事法( Eg18. mean+to do/doingStop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介词宾语区分( prep.+doingEg19. On being introduced to strangers British people often shake hands.(prep+疑问词+to doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.( Look forward to doing 盼望着做某事 Be used to doing Be accustomed to doing Devote oneself / one's life to doing Can't help but do = Have to do( Used to do 过去习惯做某事（表示现在不干了）Am/is/are used to doing 现在习惯于做某事Be used to do 被用来作为......Was/were used to do 过去被用来做某事（不强调现在）4) 作宾语补足语区分( ask sb to do sth.( 感官动词：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看见某人做某事（整个过程）doing 看见某人正在做某事being done 看见某人正在被......done 看见某人被( 使役动词→"使"（共四个）Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb doGet sb to do(主) / done(被)I can't get the car start.Make sb do(主) / done(被)Be made to doHave to do / doneHave sth to do注意：区分have意思Eg23. - Excuse me, where is Room 301/- Just a minute. I'll have Bob show you your room.5) 作状语区分句子， (状语)非谓语动词 成分( 不定式作状语通常表示目的、结果、程度常译为"为了......"( 分词作状语通常表示伴随、条件、方式、原因Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, we've got a wonderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.☆ ☆常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, ...2. too...to...3. only to...(通常引出意想不到的结果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. enough to... 足以......6. generally speaking 通常情况下说7. judging from / by6) 作定语区分( 不定式通常放在被修饰词之后，用来表示一次性或将来的动作( 动名词通常放在被修饰词之前，用来表示被修饰词的性质、特征、用途( 分词既可放在被修饰词之前，又可放在被修饰词之后，通常表示一个动作；现在分词表示主动或一种持续状态；过去分词表被动7) 作表语区分系动词：Like, get, come, see, smell...( 不定式通常具有名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调一次性或将来的动作( 动名词通常具有名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调经常性、习惯性动作( 分词通常具有形容词性质，用来表示主语所具有的兴趣和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.名词性从句一、通常由一个引导词引导的一个小句具有名词的性质，在整个大句中充当一个成分（主、宾、表、同位、补）▲ 主语从句▲ 宾语从句▲ 同位语从句▲ 表语从句▲ 补语从句二、1.引导词分类引导词词形词义从句中充当的成分省略连接词That主、同位不可省；表、宾可省Whether是联想谐音记头法（千万孤独）If否连接代词特指（泛指）Who(ever)谁主、表Whom(ever)谁宾What(ever)什么主、宾、表Which(ever)哪一个主、宾、定Whose(ever)谁的定☆有选择项用"Which",没有选择项用"What"☆"Whose"必须和后面名词同时省略连接副词When(ever)时间Where(ever)地点Why原因How(ever)方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.▲找查原则找从句 查成分Eg28. This is where I run析： S+谓（eg. I ran）S+谓+（介+宾）/状Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.语时俱进1）语序：疑问句在从句中要按正常语序排列（疑问词+S+谓）2）时态：要保持一致▲Whether与If( 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中通常用Whether( 介词后，不定式前，通常用Whether( "Whether or not"与"If"不可互换"Whether...or not"与"If"可互换4. 常见考点1） 主语从句( 放在句前，主句谓语动词用单数( 固定搭配It is / was +adj./n./done +that从句( It seems /happens + that...Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表语从句As As if As though BecauseEg31. He looks as if he were drunk.( The reason ... is /was + that...( It is /was + the reason + why... (定语从句)Because 那是因为Why 那就是...的原因Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 宾语从句( S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + O Eg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人 ( S + 谓 + it + adj. + that从句/to do( 疑 + do you think /suppose + 从句主语 + 从句谓语 + 其它( 客观真理一般现在时4） 同位语从句( 通常由that引导，放在某些固定的名词（plan, idea, news, fact, hope...）之后( n.= that... (同位语从句用来解释说明前面的名词所具有的内容)Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位语从句)The news that she had heard was true.(定语从句)关系代词关系副词ThatWhyWhichWhereWhoWhenWhom(But)WhoseAs定语从句Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sky.→ I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一． 关系代词&关系副词▲ "三板斧"原则1. 砍逗号That, but, why不引导非限制性定语从句2. 砍先行词（人、物、时间、地点、原因）3. 砍成份（定语从句中缺少的成分→主语、宾语、介词宾语、状语、定语）引导词词形先行词从句中充当的成分范围关系代词Who1. 人（含人名）2. 拟人的物3. all, those等,指人时4. 集合名词表个体时（people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group）1. 主语2. 宾语（口语中）限&非限Whom（同上）1. 宾语（可省略）2. 介词宾语限&非限☆ prep + whom, whom不可省略☆ prep +whom, whom可以省略ThatEg. The girl that /--- /whom I wrote a letter to is...1. 人2. 物3. 人和物 （sb.+sth.）4. 不定代词5. 先行词被最高级序数词（only, very, all, few, many, much, little等）修饰1. 主语2. 宾语（可省）3. 介词宾语☆prep不能放在that前且可以省略限Which1. 物2. 集合名词表物3. 句子4. 不明性别的婴儿1. 主语2. 宾语(可省)3. 介词宾语限&非限☆prep + which, 介词宾语不可省☆prep + which,介词宾语可省Whose1. 人2. 物定语限&非限☆ 必须和后面的名词同时出现☆ Whose = n.+ of + whom /whichEg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throw...into the sky.Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.☆关系代词或关系副词要尽量靠 近先行词ButEg.There's nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物☆主句变否定句☆But = who not= that not主语限AsAs we all know /expectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主语2. 宾语3. 表语4. 状语限&非限☆ As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多译一个"正如"关系副词Where=prep + which1. 地点2. 时间3. 原因状语限&非限When=prep + which1. 地点2. 时间3. 原因状语限&非限Why=for which1. 地点2. 时间3. 原因状语限二． 定从中的主谓一致1. 定从中的谓语动词取决于先行词（先行词为单数，谓语动词为单数）2. which & as 若替代整个句子的句意，则定从中的谓语动词用单数3. 若先行词为one of the + n.(pl.), 则谓语动词用复数；若先行词为the only one of the + n.(pl.), 则谓语动词用单数三． "限制性定语从句"与"非限制性定语从句"的区分Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother.Xiao Qiang who lives in Beijing is my brother.1."，"逗号2. 限制性定语从句只能用来限制、修饰先行词，不能省略，通常放在先行词前，与主句译为一句；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，通常可省略，翻译时与主句译为两句。3. Which & As 在引导限制性定语从句时，只能用来替代先行词词义；引导非限制性定语从句时，还可替代整个句子的句意。状语从句（时间、地点、原因、让步、条件、方式、目的、结果、比较） →比方让木（目）条原地开花结果实（时） （一） 比较状语从句"三要"：AS之间要原形, （"as...as..."结构，中间加adj./adv.原形）比较对象要对立， eg. YY likes dogs more than I (do).THAN后主宾要分清（二） 方式状语从句As→正如，像As ifAs though（三） 让步状语从句1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加"but","however"... ;可以出现yet, still, nevertheless2. Whatever =No matter what, 引导名词性从句时不可替换，引导状语从句时可以替换。3. Adj.Adv.Article +n.VerbEg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.（四） 目的状语从句In order that...So that...So...that...（五） 条件状语从句(条件状语从句中不能用将来时)1. if... →主将从现2. unless = if...not 除非3. as long as... 只要......provided that...providing that...on condition that...（六） 原因状语从句Seeing that...Considering that...In that... 因为......（引导原因状语从句）（七） 地点状语从句Wherever, Where, Anywhere, EverywhereEg38. People don't lack strength they lack will.（八） 结果状语从句1. so +adj./adv. + that...so many /few /much /little +n. +that...so +adj. +a /an +n. +that...2. such +n. + that...such + a lot of +n. +that...such a /an +adj. +n.+ that...（九） 时间状语从句1. When, While, As突然 然而 伴随2. before & after3. as soon as 可用在任何时态=hardly had done when did=scarcely had done when did=no sooner had done when didEg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off.→Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.情态动词完全情态动词：can / could, may / might, will / would, hall / should, must, ought to半情态动词: need, doneEg27. Can <1>本义：能够；<2>推测：可能Can't <1>本义：不能；<2>推测：不可能虚拟语气通常提出一种不可能存在的假设或与事实相反的假设( 对现在:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do( 对将来：<一> If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do<二>If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do( 对过去：If+had done, S+ would / should / could / might+have done☆☆虚拟语气中的被动此一律用Was情态动词专题基础知识（一）情态动词的定义情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。（二）情态动词的特点1）有一定词义；2）不受主语人称和数的变化影响；3）与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组看待）。（三）情态动词的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。The temperature can fall to -60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.气温可降至-60℃，也就是零下60℃。He can't (couldn't) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。You mustn't smoke while you're walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3）表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？He can't (couldn't) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。----------------------------------------------2. may (might)1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly./ Please don't ./ You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。He may be at home. 他可能在家。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting, but I'm not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。----------------------------------------------3. must1）表示义务。意为"必须"（主观意志）。We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。You mustn't talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。--Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？--No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn't）2）表示揣测。意为"想必、准是、一定"等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。----------------------------------------------4. shall1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？2）表说话人的意愿，有"命令、允诺、警告、决心"等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）----------------------------------------------5. will1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。None is so blind as those who won't see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2）表请求，用于疑问句。Will you close the window? It's a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。Won't you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。The door won't open. 这门打不开。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。----------------------------------------------6. should1）表义务。意为"应该"（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。You shouldn't waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。2）表推测，意为"想必一定、照说应该、估计"等。The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。----------------------------------------------7.would1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？They wouldn't have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。----------------------------------------------8. ought to1）表义务，意为"应该"（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。----------------------------------------------9. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？----------------------------------------------虚拟语气是一种表达方式，当我们要表达自己或某人的主观愿望的时候，就用到虚拟语气了。虚拟语气 （高二内容，但虚拟语气在高考的选择题中已多年未出现，主要放在阅读理解中）Verb可以决定1pattern句型2mood语气 （1）陈述（2）祈使（3）虚拟[1]if 一般含蓄[2]语气 should句[3]原型[4]其他简单的说虚拟语气可以分4类（1，2，4考的比较多）1．if条件句（一般）if 条件句 主句现在 if+主语+were/v-ed , 主语+would(should could might)+do过去 if+主语+had+v-ed , 主语+would(should could might)+have+v-ed将来 if+主语+v-ed/were to/should, 主语+would(should could might)+do$$省略if的用法 1去掉if2 should /had/were提前$$错综 主句和从句发生的时间不同,（有些会给你时间状语）if I were you, I would have taken that position.从句现在 主句过去if he had listened to me, he would not be in such a big trouble now.（now）从句过去 主句现在（含蓄）没有if在条件句中出现常常是：given, suppose, supposing, but for=if sb had not been for, but that, otherwise, or, without2表示建议、命令或要求，在从句中用should do 美语里should常省略（1）宾语从句建议：advise propose suggest move recommend要求：request require demand insist urge命令：order command direct$$(insist 表坚持认为 suggest表暗示 仍用陈述语气)（2）主语从句it is/was +adj/v-ed+that clauseadj/v-ed :important urgent significant vital necessary essential imperative crucial preferable advisable required demanded insistent desired ordered natural(3)表语/同位语从句修饰N的表语或同位语从句中(通常是前两组的名词性词)advice desire idea suggestion request plan motion demand order proposal requirement command recommendation insistence preference3原型eg god bless you. 判断依据：正常 s第三人称 v+es/s4其他（1） Wish 从句中谓语动词现在 were/did过去had v-ed/could have v-ed将来could/would do（2） would (had) rather类似于wish$$I would rather you wrote me once a week.(虚拟)I would rather phone you 3times a week than write you once a week.(情态)（3） it's about/high time that+s+did......表早该做某事（4） if only要是......就好了，但愿......常省略主句if only I were 2 years younger.(5)as if/though [1]不用虚拟[2]用 同if虚拟(6)以防，唯恐 in case,lest,for fear that还有一些表委婉客气1would u mind my smoking here ?表感情色彩it's surprising that she should look so miserable.在高中阶段，虚拟语气被普遍认为是难度大，不易掌握的语法项目，很容易使初学者望而生畏，能否从中找出一些规律呢？下面就是根据虚拟语气的谓语动词变化，把虚拟语气分为四大类型，以便掌握。 l.时间选择型当虚拟语气用来表示一种不能成为现实、不真实的情况时，须选择与现在、将来和过去情况相反的三种不同时间，从而决定谓语动词。这类虚拟语气主要用于如下几方面:（1）虚拟条件句（含蓄虚拟条件句）If l were you，l would study much harder．（与现在情况相反）If he did（were to do，should do）it，he would do it well．（与将来情况相反）I wouldn't have finished the work without your help．（与过去情况相反）（2）由 even if（though）引导的让步状语从句，其谓语动词变化同于虚拟条件句，在口语中也可用直陈语气。Even if he were here, he wouldn't be able to help you．（与现在情况相反）Nothing could have saved your father，even if the doctor had arrived on time．（与过去情况相反）（3） wish后的宾语从句I wish I were five years younger than you．定语从句关于定语从句的简单的概念1．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词。2．关系词：是指连接先行词和定语从句并且在定语从句中做一定成分的词，既包括关系代词，又包括关系副词。3．定语从句一般放在被修饰的词后面。Example:1. He who/that gains time gains all.2. The years teach much which/that the days never know.3. Does Faye Wong still love the singer whose name is Nicolas?4. Do you know that guy whom my girl is talking to?5. Almost everyone knows the reason why he is wanted.6. It was October 23rd when my nephew was born.7. Paradise is the place where people can live in happiness all thetime.应该如何去确定用用哪个关系词呢？根据关系词的作用：（1）连接先行词和定语从句（2）在定语从句中做一定成分，这两点可以在下表的帮助下，快速而有效的查到应该用的关系词。所做成分先行词主语宾语（表语）定语状语时间地点原因方式关系代词人who that but(whom) (who) (that)whose物which that but(which) (that)whose关系副词物whenwherewhy(how) (that)注：1）括号中的关系词可以省略。2）关系词前有介词而且关系词在定语从句中做宾语（表语）时，指人时用whom，指物时用which, 而且不能省略。3）such(the same) + 人或物+ as4）but可以用作引导定于从句，相当于but...not, which...not或who...not,这时主句通常是否定。there's is no rule but has exception.(=that has not)in china, there is nobody but knows the Great wall.(=who doesn't know)there was not a single person there but thought you were in the right.(=who didn't think)找正确的关系词的方法：瞻前顾后瞻前：先看先行词是人还是物。顾后：看关系词在后面的定语从句中所做的成分。Non-restrictive attributive clause非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整。这种从句一般用逗号与主句分开。在非限定性定语从句中，一般通常不用关系代词that。有时，主从复合句中的定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的取决于全句意思或上下文。限定性定语从句是句子中不可缺少的组成成分。如没有限定性定语从句，先行词的意思就不明确，主句也不完整，从句和主句之间不用逗号分开。在定语从句中只能用that的情况1． 在先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词。2． 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等词修饰。3． 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 等词修饰。4． 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。5． 当先行词表示人和物时。e.g.1. We should do all that is useful to the people.2. You can take any seat that is free.3. This is the last place that I want to visit.4. This is the best novel that I have ever read.5. We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.在定语从句中只能用which的情况在定语从句中，关系代词which 和that都常用来指物，一般没有什么区别。但必须掌握某些只用which而不用that的特定情况。在定语从句中关系代词只能用which 的情况1. 当关系代词前使用介词时。2. 用在非限定性定语从句中3. 先行词本身是that时。4. 有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that, 另一个宜用whiche.g.1. This is the train on which we went to Tianjin.2. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.3. The predicate is that which is said of the subject.4. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.----------------------------------------------
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