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by Marcia L. Conner 作者：玛茜亚 L. 康娜 This introduction is dedicated to reviewing the informal learning literature, understanding the issues, and pointing you to additional resources.
非正式学习现至少已占组织内学习行为的75%。最有价值的学习常常是偶然发生的。然而，多数公司只关注正式学习项目，因而与大量有价值的学习机会和成果失之交臂。 为了真正理解贵组织内的学习情况，你可能会有兴趣来了解一下何谓“非正式学习”——它已然存在、并被付诸耕耘和收获更多知识的实践——包括增加每个人的学习机会的策略，以及管理和分享你的知识的方法。 What is informal learning?什么是非正式学习？ Most learning doesn't occur during formal training programs. It happens through processes not structured or sponsored by an employer or a school. Informal learning is the term I use to describe what happens the rest of the time. In order to truly differentiate between formal and informal, I also find it valuable to examine what is learned intentionally or accidentally.
多数学习发生在不是雇主（或学校）主导（或主办）的过程中，而非正式培训项目。“非正式学习”是个术语，我用它来描述发生在正式学习时间以外的学习。为了真正区分正式与非正式，我也发现这个术语对于检查所学内容是计划内的收获或意外所得很有价值。
Formal learning includes the hierarchically structured school system that runs from primary school through the university and organized school-like programs created in business for technical and professional training. 正式学习包括从小学到大学呈等级结构的教育系统，以及有组织的专门培训——比如设于公司内的技能或职业培训项目。
Informal learning describes a lifelong process whereby individuals acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment, from family and neighbors, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media.
非正式学习描述了个体培养态度、收获价值、学会技能、获取知识的终身过程，其学习来源可能是日常经历、教育影响、他或她环境中的资源，也可能是家人或邻里、工作或娱乐，甚至市场、图书馆或大众媒体。
Intentional learning is the process whereby an individual aims to learn something and goes about achieving that objective. 有意学习个体以学会某事物会目标、并为之努力的过程。
Accidental learning happens when in everyday activities an individual learns something that he or she had not intended or expected.
偶然学习指个体在日常活动中无意间学会某事物。
I also sometimes refer to one more category: Non-formal learning. I define it is any organized educational activity outside the established formal system whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity intended to serve identifiable learning objectives.
我有时也提到另一种类： 非正规学习。我把它定义为：在现有正规系统外的任何有组织的教育活动，无论独立运行、或是为达到可识别学习目标的更广泛活动的一个重要部分。
The distinctions between formal, informal, and non-formal were first developed in the 1950s by people working in the area of international development. In my experience and from the work we have done with organizations, there are far more opportunities for informal accidental learning than any other single type of learning.
1950年代，国际开发领域的人们首次进行了正式、非正式、非正规学习的区分。以我的经验及已与各组织完成的工作来看，非正式偶然学习与任一其他学习种类相比，前者拥有多得多的机会。
What are you learning informally?在非正式学习中，我们学什么？
When I ask groups, "where do you learn?" I hear the following: at work, in house, en route, on the run, in context, in situ, through search, by accident, with peers, from children, in press, across TV, by mistake, ah ha!, to escape. When I ask, "What is your favorite way to learn outside of formal programs?" I hear: reading journals or magazines, reading book(s), talking with experts, talking with peers, email or other written correspondence, and through a coach or mentor.
当我问各小组“你们在哪里学习？”时，我听到如下回答：工作中、家里、路上、奔跑中、语境里、在原处、通过搜索、偶然、和同伴一起、从小孩、从媒体、通过电视、 通过错误、要逃跑时。当我问“在正式项目以外，你们最喜欢的学习方式是什么？”我听到：读期刊杂志、读书、与专家交谈、与同伴交谈、电子邮件或其他书面通信、通过教练或导师。
Capital Works reported that we learn at work through the following means. 据资本工作有限责任公司报道，工作时我们通过以下途径学习：
What can you do to understand the informal learning in your organization?为了理解在你所在组织中的非正式学习，你能做什么？
Where can you learn more?你可以在哪里了解更多？
Fast Company Magazine's new learning resource center features an article I wrote for them on the informal learning theme. "Still think learning means school? Expand your definition of learning to include conversations with your peers and your children, from books, articles, informal networks, Internet searching, television, and what you learn through trial and error. Use everything that happens in your world as a resource to learn more now." Learn More Now, Informally. Marcia L. Conner, May 2005.
《快速公司》杂志的新学习资源中心发 表了我为他们写的一篇关于非正式学习的文章。“还认为学习意味着学校？拓展你对学习的定义吧，把你与同伴和孩子们的对话、你从书本、文章、非正式网络、因 特网搜索、电视学到的，及你通过尝试和错误学到的包容进来。现在，利用你的世界中发生的一切，把它作为一种资源，学习更多。”摘自“学习更多，非正式 地”，玛茜亚 L. 康娜，2005年5月。
I published a chapter on Informal Learning in the book Leading Organizational Learning: Harnessing the Power of Knowledge. Marshall Goldsmith, Howard Morgan, Alexander J. Ogg (editors). Leader to Leader Institute. Jossey-Bass, 2004.
我在《引领组织学习：驾驭知识的力量》一书中写了关于非正式学习的一章，马歇尔· 古德史密斯、霍华德·摩根和亚历山大 J. 奥阁（编辑），Leader to Leader研究所，Jossey-Bass出版社，2004年。
In addition, here is a list of articles, websites, and research related to informal learning. 另外，这里有个关于非正式学习的文章、网站、研究项目列表。
Articles 文章 There are not many articles available on informal learning but there are some. Please let me know if you find additional articles. I'll add to this list over time.关于非正式学习的文章不多，但总算还有一些。如果你找到更多的文章，请你告诉我。我会定期补充这个文章列表。Jay Cross wrote "Informal Learning: A Sound Investment," in October 2003 for Chief Learning Officer Magazine. I've worked with Jay for years and I'm thrilled some of my passion for informal learning has rubbed off on him! He also posted to his website some interesting informal learning facts and insights.
杰·克罗斯在2003年10月为《首席学习官》杂志写了《非正式学习：明智的投资》一书。我曾与杰共事多年，我因自己对非正式学习的热情传染到他身上而感到兴奋不已！他也会把一些有趣的非正式学习事例和深度观察发表到他的网站。
Bob Mosher wrote, "The Power of Informal Learning," in the July 2004 Chief Learning Officer Magazine. Although more formal forms of instruction such as the classroom and e-learning will be around for years, it’s becoming more and more important to watch and harness the more informal methodologies that our students are utilizing. Most of these methods have been around for years, but have gone unnoticed by the training community.
鲍勃·莫希尔2004年7月为《首席学习官》杂志写了《非正式学习的力量》一书。尽管更多的例如教室、在线学习等正式教学形式还会存在多年，但观察和掌握更多的我们的学生正在使用的非正式学习方法正变得愈加重要。这些方法大多已存在多年，但现已消失，而培训社区却注意不到。
David Grebow wrote "At the Water Cooler of Learning," in Transforming Culture: An Executive Briefing on the Power of Learning (June 2002). He explains that we have become obsessed with formal learning in the workplace. In our zeal to learn, we have transferred the formal model of learning into the collective mind of our corporations. Even e-learning is simply less-expensive formal learning at a distance.
大卫·葛里鲍写了《学习的冷却器》，在转换文化中：关于学习的力量的执行简报（2002年6月）。他解释道，我们已被在工作场所的正式学习缠住了。在我们的学习热情中，我们已经把学习的正式模式转化为我们公司的集体思维。哪怕在线学习就是更便宜，正式学习还是有相当距离。
Dori Digenti wrote "Make Space for Informal Learning," in Learning Circuits (August 2000). She notes that one of the ways that elearning can help us to learn more effectively is through combining the strengths of design and technology to create informal learning environments.
Dori Digenti在《学习电路》杂志（2000年8月）发表了《为非正式学习创造空间》。她注意到，在线学习能帮助我们更有效率地学习的方法之一，是通过联合设计和技术的力量、创造非正式学习的环境。
Steelcase's Paul Cornell summarizes the utility of informal learning and how organizations can begin to help the process along by creating both opportunities and online environments that support the meeting of people for new knowledge creation.
Steelcase公司的保罗·康奈尔总结了非正式学习的效用，以及组织如何才能开始通过创造机会以及支持人们一起从事新知识创造的在线环境，来促进非正式学习的过程。
Michele B. Medved wrote, "Creating an environment for ongoing learning," in Learning Circuits (May 2003). You will need to register to read this article, but it is free of charge.
Michele B. Medved在《学习电路》杂志（2003年5月）发表了《为持续学习创造环境》。要读这篇文章需注册，但那是免费的。
"Our Shared Playground: An Interview with Michael Schrage," Marcia Conner. LiNE Zine, Winter 2001.
“共同的天地：采访Michael Schrage”玛茜亚·康娜， LiNe Zine杂志，2001年冬。
Websites 网站
Though you can learn informally from most any website, there are also a few websites that focus on helping you learn about informal learning. 尽管你能在多数任意网站开展非正式学习，还是有一些网站专注于帮助你了解非正式学习。
Infed.org offers all sorts of terrific information on informal learning Infed.org提供各种关于非正式学习的信息。
Clark Quinn's Ottersurf offers a terrific informal learning framework. Clark Quinn的Ottersurf 提供一个很好的非正式学习框架。 Books 书籍There are a few books available on informal learning.
Creating a Learning Culture: Strategy, Practice, and Technology. Marcia L. Conner and James G. Clawson - editors (Cambridge, 2004) Learn More Now: 10 Simple Steps to Learning Better, Smarter, and Faster. Marcia L. Conner (Wiley, 2004) Leading Organizational Learning: Harnessing the Power of Knowledge. Marshall Goldsmith, Howard Morgan, Alexander J. Ogg - editors. Leader to Leader Institute. (Jossey-Bass, 2004) Beyond the Podium: Delivering Training and Performance to a Digital World. Allison Rossett, Kendra Sheldon. (Jossey-Bass Pfeffer, 2001). pp 210–227. Principles and Practice of Informal Education: Learning Through Life by Linda Deer Richardson and Mary Wolfe - editors (Routledge, 2001) Advances in Developing Human Resources: Informal Learning on the Job by Victoria J. Marsick and Marie Volpe - editors (Berrett-Koehler, 2000) Informal Learning in the Workplace: Unmasking Human Resource Development by John Garrick (Routledge, 1998) Informal Teaching and Learning: A Study of Everyday Cognition in a Greek Community by Rosemary C. Henze (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992) Research |
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