许多谷物、含糖饮料以及其他加工食品含有果糖，包括蔗糖和高果糖玉米糖浆。虽然已知母亲在围产期摄入过量糖（包括蔗糖和高果糖玉米糖浆）与子代成年后的肥胖和2型糖尿病有相关性，但是缺乏研究评估围产期摄入这些糖的类型和摄入时间对后代代谢和生理结局的影响程度。
2017年5月26日，英国生理学会《生理学杂志》在线发表南澳大利亚大学和阿德莱德大学的研究报告，探讨了围产期摄入蔗糖或大量果糖玉米糖浆对大鼠后代肥胖和肝脂质组成的影响。
该研究在产前期和（或）哺乳期给予雌性大鼠补充含有果糖（蔗糖或高果糖玉米糖浆）的水，其果糖量相当于标准软饮料。后代出生后，由接受相同含量果糖饮料的雌鼠或只饮水的雌鼠给后代哺乳直至断奶，并在3周和12周时测量后代的体重、体脂、血糖、肝脂肪量和类型。
结果发现，围产期摄入蔗糖的雌鼠后代在3周时血浆葡萄糖浓度降低，但是葡萄糖耐量无变化。哺乳期间，摄入蔗糖或高果糖玉米糖浆的后代3周龄时肥胖增加，摄入高果糖玉米糖浆的后代肝脂肪含量增加。高果糖饮食雌鼠的后代断奶时肝脏单不饱和（ω-7和-9）脂肪酸含量升高，尤其产前期和哺乳期摄入蔗糖、哺乳期摄入高果糖玉米糖浆的雌鼠后代。12周时，对肥胖和肝脂质组成的影响大部分恢复正常。但是，仅产前期间摄入蔗糖或高果糖玉米糖浆，与断奶时血浆游离脂肪酸升高有相关性，并且该作用持续至12周。这表明糖的类型和摄入时间（产前期或哺乳期）都显著影响后代的代谢健康结局。
这项研究强调了产前期和哺乳期女性营养的重要性，关于在此期间食用添加糖或甜饮料的指南应予考虑。关于女性营养的指南应该建议限制果糖摄入，尤其重要的是这些推荐意见包括哺乳期间的女性营养。不过，由于人与啮齿动物的生理学差异很大，故将研究直接转化用于人类时，需要注意。
J Physiol. 2017 May 26. [Epub ahead of print]
Impact of perinatal exposure to sucrose or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55) on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition in rat offspring.
Toop CR, Muhlhausler BS, O'Dea K, Gentili S.
University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Key points
Fructose-containing sugars, including sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), have been implicated in the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Few studies have evaluated the impact of perinatal exposure to these sugars on metabolic and physiological outcomes in the offspring.
Using a rat model, offspring exposed to a maternal sucrose or HFCS diet during the prenatal and/or suckling periods were found to have altered adiposity and liver fat content and composition at weaning.
Plasma levels of free fatty acids remained elevated in young adulthood, but consumption of a control diet following weaning appeared to ameliorate most other effects of perinatal exposure to a maternal high-sugar diet.
Guidelines for maternal nutrition should advise limiting consumption of fructose-containing sugars, and it is particularly important that these recommendations include maternal nutrition during lactation.
Perinatal exposure to excess maternal intake of added sugars, including fructose and sucrose, is associated with an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adult life. However, it is unknown to what extent the type of sugar and the timing of exposure affect these outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of exposure to maternal consumption of a 10% w/v beverage containing sucrose or high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) during the prenatal and/or suckling periods on offspring at 3 and 12 weeks, utilising a cross-fostering approach in a rodent model. Perinatal sucrose exposure decreased plasma glucose concentrations in offspring at 3 weeks, but did not alter glucose tolerance. Increased adiposity was observed in 3-week-old offspring exposed to sucrose or HFCS-55 during suckling, with increased hepatic fat content in HFCS-55-exposed offspring. In terms of specific fatty acids, hepatic monounsaturated (omega-7 and -9) fatty acid content was elevated at weaning, and was most pronounced in sucrose offspring exposed during both the prenatal and suckling periods, and HFCS-55 offspring exposed during suckling only. By 12 weeks, the effects on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition were largely normalised. However, exposure to either sucrose or HFCS-55 during the prenatal period only was associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids at weaning, and this effect persisted until 12 weeks. This study suggests that the type of sugar and the timing of exposure (prenatal or suckling periods) are both important for determining the impact on metabolic health outcomes in the offspring.
PMID: 28447343
DOI: 10.1113/JP274066
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