ApacheMySQLPHPHint: Server Guide
To find the Ubuntu Server Guide related to your specific version, please go to:
https://help.ubuntu.com/, select your Ubuntu version and then click on Ubuntu Server Guide. For the latest LTS version (12.04 LTS) of Ubuntu Server, please go to
https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/index.htmlParent page:
Programming Applications目录
Hint: Server GuideTo install the default LAMP stack in Ubuntu 10.04 and aboveStarting over: How to remove the LAMP stackInstalling Apache 2Checking Apache 2 installationTroubleshooting ApacheVirtual HostsInstalling PHP 5Checking PHP 5 installationTroubleshooting PHP 5php.ini development vs. productionPHP in user directoriesInstalling MYSQL with PHP 5After installing PHPAfter installing MySQLSet mysql bind addressSet mysql root passwordCreate a mysql databaseCreate a mysql userBackup-SettingsAlternativelyPhpmyadmin and mysql-workbenchTroubleshooting Phpmyadmin & mysql-workbenchAlternative: install phpMyAdmin from sourceMysql-workbenchFor more informationEdit Apache ConfigurationInstalling suPHPRun, Stop, Test, And Restart ApacheUsing ApacheStatusSecuring ApachePassword-Protect a DirectoryPassword-Protect a Directory With .htaccessthumbnailsKnown problemsSkype incompatibilityOther Apache OptionsFurther InformationThis is to help people setup and install a
LAMP (Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP) server in Ubuntu, including Apache 2, PHP 5 and MySQL 4.1 or 5.0.
To install the default LAMP stack in Ubuntu 10.04 and above
First install tasksel...
$ sudo apt-get install tasksel... and then the LAMP stack:
$ sudo tasksel install lamp-serverSee
Tasksel - be warned, only use tasksel to install tasks, not to remove them - see
https://launchpad.net/bugs/574287DO NOT UNCHECK ANY PACKAGES IN THE MENU WHICH APPEARS
You can leave your system in an unusable state.
Starting over: How to remove the LAMP stack
To remove the LAMP stack remove the following packages:
Note: This assumes you have no other programs that require any of these packages. You might wish to simulate this removal first, and only remove the packages that don't cause removal of something desired.
apache2 apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils apache2.2-common libapache2-mod-php5 libapr1 libaprutil1 libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl libnet-daemon-perl libplrpc-perl libpq5 mysql-client-5.5 mysql-common mysql-server mysql-server-5.5 php5-common php5-mysqlTo also remove the debconf data, use the purge option when removing. To get rid of any configurations you may have made to apache, manually remove the /etc/apache2 directory once the packages have been removed.
You may also want to purge these packages:
mysql-client-core-5.5 mysql-server-core-5.5
Installing Apache 2
To only install the apache2 webserver, use
any method to install:
apache2It requires a restart for it to work:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restartor
$ sudo service apache2 restart
Checking Apache 2 installation
With your web browser, go to the URI http://localhost : if you read "It works!", which is the content of the file /var/www/index.html , this proves Apache works.
Troubleshooting Apache
If you get this error:
apache2: Could not determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for
ServerNamethen use a text editor such as "sudo nano" at the command line or "gksudo gedit" on the desktop to create a new file,
$ sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdnor
$ gksu "gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn"then add
ServerName localhostto the file and save. This can all be done in a single command with the following:
$ echo "ServerName localhost" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn
Virtual Hosts
Apache2 has the concept of sites, which are separate configuration files that Apache2 will read. These are available in /etc/apache2/sites-available. By default, there is one site available called default this is what you will see when you browse to
http://localhost or
http://127.0.0.1. You can have many different site configurations available, and activate only those that you need.
As an example, we want the default site to be /home/user/public_html/. To do this, we must create a new site and then enable it in Apache2.
To create a new site:
Copy the default website as a starting point. sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite
Edit the new configuration file in a text editor "sudo nano" on the command line or "gksudo gedit", for example:gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite
Change the DocumentRoot to point to the new location. For example, /home/user/public_html/
Change the Directory directive, replace <Directory /var/www/> to <Directory /home/user/public_html/>
You can also set separate logs for each site. To do this, change the ErrorLog and CustomLog directives. This is optional, but handy if you have many sites
Save the file
Now, we must deactivate the old site, and activate our new one. Ubuntu provides two small utilities that take care of this: a2ensite (apache2enablesite) and a2dissite (apache2disable site).
$ sudo a2dissite default && sudo a2ensite mysiteFinally, we restart Apache2:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restartIf you have not created /home/user/public_html/, you will receive an warning message
To test the new site, create a file in /home/user/public_html/:
$ echo '<b>Hello! It is working!</b>' > /home/user/public_html/index.htmlFinally, browse to
http://localhost/Installing PHP 5
To only install PHP5. use
any method to install the package
libapache2-mod-php5Enable this module by doing
$ sudo a2enmod php5which creates a symbolic link /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/php5 pointing to /etc/apache2/mods-availble/php5 .
Except if you use deprecated PHP code beginning only by "<?" instead of "<?php" (which is highly inadvisable), open, as root, the file /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini , look for the line "short_open_tag = On", change it to "short_open_tag = Off" (not including the quotation marks) and add a line of comment (beginning by a semi-colon) giving the reason, the author and the date of this change. This way, if you later want some XML or XHTML file to be served as PHP, the "<?xml" tag will be ignored by PHP instead of being seen as a PHP code mistake.
Relaunch Apache 2 again:
$ sudo service apache2 restart
Checking PHP 5 installation
In /var/www , create a text file called "test.php", grant the world (or, at least, Ubuntu user "apache") permission to read it, write in it the only line: "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" (without the quotation marks) then, with your web browser, go to the URI "
http://localhost/test.php": if you can see a description of PHP5 configuration, it proves PHP 5 works with Apache.
Troubleshooting PHP 5
Does your browser ask if you want to download the php file instead of displaying it? If Apache is not actually parsing the php after you restarted it, install libapache2-mod-php5. It is installed when you install the php5 package, but may have been removed inadvertently by packages which need to run a different version of php.
If sudo a2enmod php5 returns "$ This module does not exist!", you should purge (not just remove) the libapache2-mod-php5 package and reinstall it.
Be sure to clear your browser's cache before testing your site again. To do this in Firefox 4: Edit → Preferences … Privacy → History: clear your recent history → Details : choose "Everything" in "Time range to clean" and check only "cache", then click on "Clear now".
Remember that, for Apache to be called, the URI in your web browser must begin with "
http://". If it begins with "
file://", then the file is read directly by the browser, without Apache, so you get (X)HTML and CSS, but no PHP. If you didn't configure any host alias or virtual host, then a local URI begins with "
http://localhost", "
http://127.0.0.1" or
http://" followed by your IP number.
If the problem persists, check your PHP file authorisations (it should be readable at least by Ubuntu user "apache"), and check if the PHP code is correct. For instance, copy your PHP file, replace your whole PHP file content by "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" (without the quotation marks): if you get the PHP test page in your web browser, then the problem is in your PHP code, not in Apache or PHP configuration nor in file permissions. If this doesn't work, then it is a problem of file authorisation, Apache or PHP configuration, cache not emptied, or Apache not running or not restarted. Use the display of that test file in your web browser to see the list of files influencing PHP behaviour.
php.ini development vs. production
After standard installation, php configuration file /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini is set so as "production settings" which means, among others, that no error messages are displayed. So if you e.g. make a syntax error in your php source file, apache server would return HTTP 500 error instead of displaying the php syntax error debug message.
If you want to debug your scripts, it might be better to use the "development" settings. Both development and production settings ini's are located in /usr/share/php5/
/usr/share/php5/php.ini-development/usr/share/php5/php.ini-productionso you can compare them and see the exact differences.
To make the "development" settings active, just backup your original php.ini
sudo mv /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini.bakand create a symlink to your desired settings:
sudo cp -s /usr/share/php5/php.ini-development /etc/php5/apache2/php.inior you may of course also edit the /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini directly on your own, if you wish.
PHP in user directories
According to
this blog, newer versions of Ubuntu do not have PHP enabled by default for user directories (your public_html folder). See the blog for instructions on how to change this back.
Installing MYSQL with PHP 5
Use
any method to install
mysql-server libapache2-mod-auth-mysql php5-mysql
After installing PHP
You may need to increase the memory limit that PHP imposes on a script. Edit the /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini file and increase the memory_limitvalue.
After installing MySQL
Set mysql bind address
Before you can access the database from other computers in your network, you have to change its bind address. Note that this can be a security problem, because your database can be accessed by other computers than your own. Skip this step if the applications which require mysql are running on the same machine.
type:
$ sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnfand change the line:
bind-address = localhostto your own internal ip address e.g. 192.168.1.20
bind-address = 192.168.1.20If your ip address is dynamic you can also comment out the bind-address line and it will default to your current ip.
If you try to connect without changing the bind-address you will recieve a "Can not connect to mysql error 10061".
Set mysql root password
Before accessing the database by console you need to type:
$ mysql -u rootAt the mysql console type:
$ mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('yourpassword');A successful mysql command will show:
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Mysql commands can span several lines. Do not forget to end your mysql command with a semicolon.
Note: If you have already set a password for the mysql root, you will need to use:
$ mysql -u root -p(Did you forget the mysql-root password? See
MysqlPasswordReset.)
Create a mysql database
$ mysql> CREATE DATABASE database1;
Create a mysql user
For creating a new user with all privileges (use only for troubleshooting), at mysql prompt type:
$ mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'yourusername'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'yourpassword' WITH GRANT OPTION;For creating a new user with fewer privileges (should work for most web applications) which can only use the database named "database1", at mysql prompt type:
$ mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON database1.* TO 'yourusername'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'yourpassword';yourusername and yourpassword can be anything you like. database1 is the name of the database the user gets access to. localhost is the location which gets access to your database. You can change it to '%' (or to hostnames or ip addresses) to allow connections from every location (or only from specific locations) to the database. Note, that this can be a security problem and should only be used for testing purposes!
To exit the mysql prompt type:
$ mysql> \qSince the mysql root password is now set, if you need to use mysql again (as the mysql root), you will need to use:
$ mysql -u root -pand then enter the password at the prompt.
Backup-Settings
Please, let's say something in which directories mysql stores the database information and how to configure a backup
Alternatively
There is more than just one way to set the mysql root password and create a database. For example mysqladmin can be used:
$ mysqladmin -u root -p password yourpasswordand
$ mysqladmin -u root -p create database1mysqladmin is a command-line tool provided by the default LAMP install.
Phpmyadmin and mysql-workbench
All mysql tasks including setting the root password and creating databases can be done via a graphical interface using phpmyadmin or mysql-workbench.
To install one or both of them, first enable the universe repository
I am using Ubuntu server (command line)I am using a desktopUse
any method to install
phpmyadmin
Troubleshooting Phpmyadmin & mysql-workbench
If you get blowfish_secret error: Choose and set a phrase for cryptography in the file /etc/phpmyadmin/blowfish_secret.inc.php and copy the line (not the php tags) into the file /etc/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php or you will receive an error.
If you get a 404 error upon visiting
http://localhost/phpmyadmin: You will need to configure apache2.conf to work with Phpmyadmin.
$ gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/apache2.confInclude the following line at the bottom of the file, save and quit.
$ Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf
Alternative: install phpMyAdmin from source
See the
phpMyAdmin page for instructions on how to install phpmyadmin from source:
Mysql-workbench
Mysql-workbench runs locally, on the desktop. Use
any method to install
mysql-workbench
For more information
2.9.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts from the
MySQL Reference Manual is worth reading.
Edit Apache Configuration
You may want your current user to be the PHP pages administrator. To do so, edit the Apache configuration file :
$ gksudo "gedit /etc/apache2/envvars"Search both the strings starting by "APACHE_RUN_USER" and "APACHE_RUN_GROUP", and change the names to the current username and groupname you are using. Then you'll need to restart Apache. (look at the next chapter concerning apache commands)
Configuration options relating specifically to user websites (accessed through localhost/~username) are in /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/userdir.conf.
Installing suPHP
suPHP is a tool for executing PHP scripts with the permissions of their owners. It consists of an Apache module (mod_suphp) and a setuid root binary (suphp) that is called by the Apache module to change the uid of the process executing the PHP interpreter.
Note: suPHP enforces, security and helps avoid file permission problems under development environments with several users editing the site files, but it also demands more memory and CPU usage, which can degrade your server performance under certain circumstances.
To only install suPHP. use
any method to install the package
libapache2-mod-suphpEnable this module by doing
sudo a2enmod suphpthen use a text editor such as "sudo nano" at the command line or "gksudo gedit" on the desktop to edit this file
sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/php5.confor
gksu "gedit /etc/apache2/mods-available/php5.conf"make a new empty line at the top of the content, then add
<Directory /usr/share>make a new empty line at the bottom of the content, then add
</Directory>save changes
For security reasons we need to specify to suPHP what are the document paths allowed to execute scripts, use a text editor such as "sudo nano" at the command line or "gksudo gedit" on the desktop to edit this file
sudo nano /etc/suphp/suphp.confor
gksu "gedit /etc/suphp/suphp.conffind the value "docroot" and specify the document path of your site files, for example:
docroot=/var/www/that value restrict script execution only to files inside "/var/www/"
docroot=/var/www/:${HOME}/public_htmlthat value restrict script execution only to files inside a custom home folder for each configured user inside "/var/www/:${HOME}/public_html"
for this tutorial we are going to use this value
docroot=/home/user/public_html/which is the same Apache directory directive set before in this document
save changes
to restart Apache, type in your terminal
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restartNow lets create a test script to see if suPHP is working correctly, in your terminal type
echo "<?php echo 'whoim = '.exec('/usr/bin/whoami');?>" | tee /home/user/public_html/whomi.phpthat command creates a quick php test file to display the current user executing the script
open your browser and navigate to "localhost/whomi.php", most likely the browser will show you a "500" server error, this is because suPHP does not allow too permissive file and folder permissions and also does not allow mixed file and folder ownership, to correct this type in your terminal
sudo find /home/user/public_html/ -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;sudo find /home/user/public_html/ -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;sudo chown user:group -R /home/user/public_html/those commands enforce a secure and correct file and folder permission and also set a correct user and group ownership for all of them
Now open your browser and navigate to "localhost/whomi.php", if everything went fine you should see the name of the file owner executing the script and not "www-data" unless you specified so
Run, Stop, Test, And Restart Apache
Use the following command to run Apache :
$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl startTo stop it, use :
$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl stopTo test configuration changes, use :
$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl configtestFinally, to restart it, run :
$ sudo /usr/sbin/apache2ctl restartAlternatively, you can use a graphical interface by installing
Rapache or the simpler
localhost-indicator.
Using Apache
You can access apache by typing 127.0.0.1 or
http://localhost (by default it will be listening on port 80) in your browser address bar. By default the directory for apache server pages is /var/www . It needs root access in order to put files in. A way to do it is just starting the file browser as root in a terminal:
$ gksudo nautilusor
if you want to make /var/www your own. (Use only for non-production web servers - this is not the most secure way to do things.)
$ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www
Status
To check the status of your PHP installation:
$ gksudo "gedit /var/www/testphp.php"and insert the following line
<?php phpinfo(); ?>View this page on a web browser at
http://yourserveripaddress/testphp.php or
http://localhost/testphp.phpSecuring Apache
If you just want to run your Apache install as a development server and want to prevent it from listening for incoming connection attempts, this is easy to do.
$ gksudo "gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf"$ password:Change ports.conf so that it contains:
Listen 127.0.0.1:80Save this file, and restart Apache (see above). Now Apache will serve only to your home domain,
http://127.0.0.1 or
http://localhost.
Password-Protect a Directory
There are 2 ways to password-protect a specific directory. The recommended way involves editing /etc/apache2/apache2.conf . (To do this, you need root access). The other way involves editing a .htaccess file in the directory to be protected. (To do this, you need access to that directory).
Password-Protect a Directory With .htaccess
See
EnablingUseOfApacheHtaccessFilesWarning: On at least some versions of Ubuntu, .htaccess files will not work by default. See
EnablingUseOfApacheHtaccessFiles for help on enabling them.
thumbnails
If you direct your web browser to a directory (rather than a specific file), and there is no "index.html" file in that directory, Apache will generate an index file on-the-fly listing all the files and folders in that directory. Each folder has a little icon of a folder next to it.
To put a thumbnail of that specific image (rather than the generic "image icon") next to each image file (.jpg, .png, etc.):
... todo: add instructions on how to do thumbnails here, perhaps using
Apache::AutoIndex 0.08 or
Apache::Album 0.95 ...
Known problems
Skype incompatibility
Skype uses port 80 for incoming calls, and thus, may block Apache. The solution is to change the port in one of the applications. Usually, port 81 is free and works fine. To change the port number in
Skype go to menu Tools > Options, then click on the Advanced tab, then in the box of the port for incoming calls write your preference.
Other Apache Options
ServerSideIncludes - enable SSI in Apache2
LocalhostSubdomain - access your local files as if you had different subdomains
Further Information
StrongPasswords is recommended reading!
BastilleLinux is also recommended if you're going to be running a live webserver.
You can compile
PHP5FromSource, as well as
MYSQL5FromSource.
PHPOracle will enable you to connect to Oracle databases.
PhpPear : PHP Extension and Application Repository
ApacheMySQLPHP (2013-03-28 15:22:03由
phanimahesh编辑)
