Unit 3
【概念解说】
代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。
【语法祥析】
1人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表
人称 | 第一人称（单数） | 第二人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第一人称（复数） | 第二人称（复数） | 第三人称（复数） |
| 我 | 你 | 他 | 她 | 它 | 我们 | 你们 | 他们 |
主格 | I | you | he | she | it | we | you | they |
宾格 | me | you | him | her | it | us | you | them |
用法：人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时用主格，但口语中常用宾格代替。
eg :I likeapples.(用主格作主语)
Do you know him? (作动词的宾语)
Come with me.(作介词的宾语)
Who is there? It’s I/me .(作表语)
【注意】特殊用法：一般情况下，表示人以外的动物和东西，指单数。
eg: Where is your car ? It is overthere.
但表示天气、时间、距离等时用it 代替，此时的it并不译为“它”
eg: It was raining last night.
2 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表
人称 | 第一人称（单数） | 第二人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第一人称（复数） | 第二人称（复数） | 第三人称（复数） |
| 我的 | 你的 | 他的 | 她的 | 它的 | 我们的 | 你们的 | 他们的 |
形容词性 | my | your | his | her | its | ours | your | they |
名词性 | mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | yours | theirs |
用法：形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，在句中作定语，修饰名词，放在名词之前。
eg :He is my father. Your caris so beautiful.(作定语)
用法：名词性物主代词具有名词的特点，可以作主语，表语和宾语，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。
eg Your cup is blue ,and mine isred.(作主语)
I have lost my English book ,please lend meyours.(作宾语)
3 反身代词（也称自身代词）可见下表
人称 | 第三人称（复数） | 第二人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第三人称（单数） | 第二人称（复数） | 第三人称（复数） |
| 我自己 | 你自己 | 他自己 | 她自己 | 它自己 | 我们自己 | 你们自己 | 他们自己 |
反身代词 | myself | yourself | himself | herself | itself | ourselves | yourself | themselves |
反身代词的构成：第一、第二人称：形容词性的物主代词+ self/selves
第三人称：宾格+self/selves
用法：作同位语，位置较灵活，表示强调。I cooked it myself.=Imyself cooked it.
作宾语。He taught himself math .
作表语。He is not quite himself today .
【注意】某些词常和反身代词连用形成固定搭配：enjoy oneself（得很愉快）help oneselfto（随便吃）teach oneself（自学）lost oneself（迷路）devote oneself（献身于）foroneself（为自己）by oneself（独自地、单独地）
4、指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
单数 | 复数 | 含义 |
this(这个) | these(这些) | 指较近的人和物 |
that(那个) | those(那些) | 指较远的人和物 |
指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：
You like this but I likethat.(作宾语)
5 不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
不定代词有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other,another, all, both, one, none, either…
复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人),anything(任何事), anyone(任何人),anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人),no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
(1)some和 any 的用法：
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
eg：I have some work to do today.(今天我有些事情要做)
some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。
eg ：Would you like some coffee withsugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？)
any一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。
eg ：They didn’t have
any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。
Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)
(2)no和none的用法：
no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。
eg：There is no time left. Pleasehurry up.(没有时间了,请快点)
none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。
eg：None of them is/are in theclassroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里)
I have many books, but none isinteresting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法：
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
eg：I know all of the four Britishstudents in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识)
all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the+名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。
eg：All (of) (the) boys arenaughty.(是男孩都调皮)
(4)every和each用法：
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；
each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。
eg：Every one of the students in hisclass studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)
They are very busy. Each of them hassomething to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法：
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。
eg：I don’t care much for what to drink.Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行)
--Will you go there by bus or by car?
Neither. I will go there bytrain.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法：
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。
eg: Some girls are singing under the bigapple tree and others are sitting on the grasstalking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)
You have had several cakes. Do you really wantanotherone?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？)
I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个)主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。eg： This is one ofyour socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？)
I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still wantanother.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)
others与the others的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；theothers指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。
eg：A few students are playing soccer whileothers are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看)
Two of the ten boys are standing and theothers are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)
(7)many和much的用法：
many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。
eg：I don’t have many friendshere.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。)
many died in the busaccident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失)
We can learn much with the help ofhim.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lotsof;
There are too many people in theroom.(房间里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,afew、a
eg：He is very poor and he has littlemoney.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。)
In that polar region there live fewpeople.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人)
You can get a few sweets fromhim.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
(9)复合不定代词有12个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人),anything(任何事), anyone(任何人),anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人),no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人)
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything,anybody, anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。
eg ：Hey ,Lily, There is someoneoutside the door.
Did you meet anyone when you came to schoollast Sunday?
He has nothing much to do today.
(10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。
eg： Which jacket would you like, thisone or that one?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件？
(11)none、no one、nobody的区别：noone和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。
eg：No one knows how he managed to getthe ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)
Nobody handed in his/their composition(s)yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。)
None of my friends came to see me thatday.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)
6、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。
each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。eachother表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式each other’s ,oneanother’s。
eg： We must help each other when weare in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)
They sat there without talking to one another /each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
7、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。
eg：Who(m) did you invite to yourbirthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的？)
What does she want to be when she growsup?(她长大了想干什么？)
2、who和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语；而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。
eg： Who is that man?(那男的是谁？)
What color are theirhats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色？)
Which car was made inGermany?(哪辆车是德国造的？)(被动句)
注意这个提问：The man in the car is myfather.(车里的男人是我父亲)
→Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲？)
3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。
eg： --Which hotel have you booked foryour holiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆？)
—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)
4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。
eg：Who is (are) in thatplayhouse?(谁在游戏房里？)
(二) 正误辨析
1［误］Tom's mother is taller than my. ［正］Tom's motheris taller than mine.
［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：mybook，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是mymother,也就是mine。
2［误］He and you should go to the library to returnthe books. ［正］You and he should go to the library to return thebooks.
［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she,I,而复数时为we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she…如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用They, you， we, 如：Tom andI are good friends.
We, you and they have been therebefore.
3［误］He or his brother is doing their homework.
［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.
［析］由either…or, neither…nor, or连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers orstudents want to do their best to help the oldman.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or hisstudents will clean their classroom together.
4［误］I like you as much asshe.
［正］I like you as much as her.
［析］as…as 其后也应看作是省略句。应为as I likeher.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。
5［误］Myself did it yesterday.
［正］I myself did it yesterday.
［正］I did it myself yesterday.
［析］反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。
6［误］Take care of ourselves.
［正］Take care of yourselves .(yourself)
［析］祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.
7［误］Make yourself home.
［正］Make yourself at home.
［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
help yourself to something自己拿某物
seat oneself 就坐
8［误］— Who's this speaking.— That's Mary.
［正］— Who's that speaking.— This is Mary.
［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。
9［误］The days in summer are longer than this inwinter.
［正］The days in summer are longer than those inwinter.
［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，
如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that inChang Chun.
10［误］It is so a good book that everyone likes toread.
［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes toread.
［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes toread.
［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such,如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are suchgood books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buyeverything she wants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:She is so sweetthat everyone likes her.
11［误］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I don'thope so.
［正］— I hope she might pass the exam.— I hopenot.
［析］在作肯定回答时，I think so. I hope so. I believeso.但作否定回答时为：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.
12［误］— He studied very hard this term.— So shedid.
［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So didshe.
［误］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.
［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.
［析］在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studiedhard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。
13［误］Everyone should do one's best.
［正］Everyone should do his best.
［析］one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代词为oneself.如果讲One should doone's best.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如： someone, anyone, everyone或onlyone 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。
14［误］— Who won the game?— None.
［正］— Who won the game?— No one.
［析］由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是no one,而由Howmany提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are there? None.
15［误］There are many trees on either sides of thestreet.
［正］There are many trees on either side of thestreet.
［正］There are many trees on both sides of thestreet.
［析］either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：You can takeeither.其二是两者中的每一个
16［误］We each has a ticket for the concert.
［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.
［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants tolearn English well，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。
17［误］Every of us has to pass the exam.
［正］Each of us has to pass the exam.
［析］every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every则侧重于全体。
18［误］Everyone of us should do housework two hours aday.
［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours aday.
［析］everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而every one则可以这样用。
19［误］There are trees on every sides of thestreet.
［正］There are trees on each side of thestreet.
［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.
20［误］All my parents are engineers.
［正］Both my parents are engineers.
［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 则用于两者的全部。
21［误］All of students might make some mistakes.
［正］All of the students might make somemistakes.
［正］All students might make some mistakes.
［析］非特指的名词前可用all但不可用all of结构，也就是讲allof结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有： all the year round, all week,all day, all winter
22［误］The all village was flooded.
［正］All the village was flooded.
［析］all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。
23［误］The post office is on other side of thestreet.
［正］The post office is on the other side of thestreet.
［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用theother,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。
24［误］Many know him， but few likes him.
［正］Many know him, but few like him.
［析］few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而afew为有一些。
25［误］You have few friends, haven't you?
［正］You have few friends, have you?
［析］little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。
26［误］Much of what you said are true.
［正］Much of what you said is true.
［析］much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。
27［误］I want any books to read. Do you have any?
［正］I want some books to read. Do you have any?
［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。
28［误］Would you like any thing to drink?
［正］Would you like something to drink?
［析］在由would youlike发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。
29［误］Someone want to meet you.
［正］Someone wants to meet you.
［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如： Anyone andeveryone has the right. 任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。
30［误］New York is much colder in winter thanbefore.
［正］It is much colder in New York in winter thanbefore.
［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：
It is ten o'clock now. (代时间)
It is far from here to the airport. (代距离)
It is very hot.(代天气)
It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主语)
1.You may come to my house
2.I don't think we can do it all
3.I don't want this shirt. Please show me ____.
4.I can't repair the model ship
5.Does your brother often washclothes
6. We study Chinese, English , maths
7.I have twosisters.
8.The book on the shelfis
9. "Don't worry .There's
10.These shoes are too small. You may buysome
11.I asked Jim and Bob to come to my house for dinner ,but
12.They are
13.Betty and John have come back , but
14.Your mother is kindness
15.She stayed there longer than
16.Is this her bike?
17.
18.He is aboy.
19.What'sthis?
20.The bowls are on the table .There are some eggsin
21.Let
22. Mother oftensees
C. her friends
23.When you see Tom and his sister ,tell
24.He wants you totalk
25.Granny seems ill . Are you sureit's
C. serious nothing D. serious anything
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