英 语 音 标（采用口腔后部发声法发音）
发音特征
元
音*母音
单元音
声带振动
前元音：[i:/ I:] [i] [e] [A]
发音清晰响亮
气流通畅
中元音：[Q] [E] [E: / \:]
后元音：[B:] [C:] [C] [u:] [u]
双元音
振动
[ai] [ei] [Ci] [iE] [ZE/ eE] [uE] [au] [Eu]
辅
音*子音
哑辅音
不振动
[p][t][k] [f][s][W][F] [h] [tF][tr][ts]
发音含糊晦涩
气流受阻
浊辅音
振动
[b][d][g] [v][z][T][V] [r] [dV][dr][dz]
[m][n][N] [l]/[l] [w][j ]
辅音连缀
[pr][pl][br][bl][kr][kl][gr][gl][fr][fl][sn][sl][sk][sp][sw][dw][hw][kw][tw] [Wr] [pju:][bju:][tju:][dju:][kju:][gju:][fju:][vju:][lju:][mju:][nju:][hju:][zju
三、英语拼音怎么来拼读：(也就是单词的音标怎么读。/与我们汉语拼音很相似)
（拼读规则：以元音为中心划分音节，按音节来拼读。）
拼读口诀：元音为中心，划分音节、按音节拼读；多音节加重音、多音节一重多轻发音，轻音节怎么轻怎么发音。重开音节读长音，轻/闭音节读短音。例子：he[hi:], name [neim], table[`teibl], bicycle[`baisikl], teacher[`ti:tFE], red, cap, and, thank, basket, yellow, umbrella,
四、英文字母和常见字母组合的发音规则（或一般规律）：
1. 为什么要掌握字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律？目的只有一个，让我们能够做到------见字读音、音义结合。记住词形、服务拼写。第二步就是要反过来，学会语音认字（类似我们的拼音认字），通过多加练习，逐步达到听音写字、音义结合的水平。第三步是形义结合，练习英语汉语意义对应翻译。
例1：假如你知道字母组合ee一般发音是[i:] (规律), 那么，meet这个单词就脱口而出了。
单词(词形)： meet 词义：遇见；初次见面/认识；满足迎合；迎接/出迎。
[ __-__-__ ] → [ ] 读音/音标
例 2：单词(词形)：which 词义：哪个，哪些
[ __-__-__ ] → [ ] 读音/音标
例 3：单词(词形)：whose 词义：谁的？
[ __-__-__ ] → [ ] 读音/音标
例 4：单词(词形)：pl ea se 词义：请，求你了,
[ __-__-__ ] → [ ] 读音/音标
2. 英语26个字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律：（要求熟记于心，脱口而出）
总口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。
字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。遇见生词找规律，划分音节顺口连，
元音字母在中间，辅音字母两边站，字母组合算一个，熟能生巧难亦简。
辅音字母发音小口诀：辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。
b发[b], c发[k], ci(y) ce多发[s]; 例词：blue, table, Crisp, class, picture, actor, pencil, bicycle, nice,
d发[d], f [f], g发[g] [dV], [V]少见; Sandy, dog, red, fly, coffee, green, egg, orange, garage
h [h], j发[dV], k / l [k] [l]可分连; her, here, his, jeep, Japan, book, look, blue, Klan class
m [m], n [n][N], p [p] q [k] r 发[r]; meet, am, no, green, thank, English, pen, cap, quickly, Crisp,
s 最多[s]和[z], 趋唇[F] [V]也常见; sir, this, sit, is, his, whose, please, sure[F], usually[V], pleasure
x 发音剪头端，[ks]多于[gz]面； six, pencil-box, excuse, exercise; exam, (后接重读元音)
t 发[t], v 发[v], w 辅音[w]来念； teacher, it, very, voice, river, with, swim, wash, which, white
最后一个字母z，发好[z]音才算完。zoo, zero, size, puzzle,
辅音字母一见发音表：
b
c
d
f
g
h
j
k
l
m
n
[b]
[k]cap
[d]
[f]
[g]egg
[h]
[dV]
[k]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[s]city
[dV]
[-l]
[N]g/k
table
rice
bed
coffee
orange
high
jeep
book
blue
meet
nose
blue
bicycle
dog
fly
garbage
hello
Japan
keep
ball
room
pen
[V]garage
table
thank
p
q
r
s
t
v
w
x
(y)
z
[p]
[k]
[r]
[s]desk
[t]
[v]
[w]
[ks]
[j]yes
[z]
[-r]
[z]easy
[gz]
[ai]my
pencil
quick
rose
[V]usually
sit
voice
wash
box
[i]busy
zoo
open
quarter
sorry
pleasure
teacher
invite
swim
exam
very
zero
teacher
[F]sure
little
quickly
freeze
常见辅音字母组合的发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。
wh发音 [h] 和 [w], th 常发 [W] 和 [T]；
ch/tch多发 [tF], 有时发音 [F] 或 [k]；
sh [F], ph [f], gh 不发或发 [f](词尾)；
ge\dge 多发 [dV], ck 发 [k], kn [n];
ng 易发 [N] [Ng], qu发音 [kw] 和[k]。
wr 发卷趋 [r], 双写分节不分音。{ 动词或复数词尾s /es, 多发[s][z]/ 和[iz]; ts [ts] ds[dz]}
例词：
wh发音 [h] 和 [w],
wh ---[ ] which, white, what, where, when, why [ ] whose, who, whole {*whew [hw-]}
th 常发 [W] 和 [T]；
th --- [ ] this, that, the, they, with [ ] thank, three, tooth, forth, eleventh
ch/tch多发 [tF], 有时发音 [F] 或 [k]；
(t)ch ---[ ] chicken, chair, child, sandwich, catch, watch chase(追赶，追击，追求),
[ ] ache, headache, chemist [ ] machine[mE`FEn], chaise [Feiz] (带篷二轮马车)
sh [F], ph [f], gh 不发或发 [f](词尾)； sh ---[ ] shoe, ship, sheep, fish, wash, ash
ph ---[ ] photo, telephone, phrase gh ---[ ] right, light, daughter [ ] laugh, cough
ge\dge 多发 [dV], ck 发 [k], kn [n];
(d)ge ---[ ] orange, page, bridge, fridge, porridge(麦片粥，稀饭)
ck ---[ ] black, kick, lock, back
kn ---[ ] knife, know, knock, knee(膝盖), kneel(跪下), knit (编织), knob(球形把手, 旋钮),
knack (诀窍), knight(骑士,武士; **《金山游侠》，金山公司出品的游戏修改软件),
ng 易发 [N] [Ng], qu发音 [kw] 和[k]。ng ---[ ] sing, song, long, wing [ ] English, hungry
qu ---[ ] quick, quite(相当，十分), quiet (安静的，平静的), quarter, require,
[ ] cheque(支票), unique(唯一，独有独特的), technique(技巧),
wr 发卷趋 [r],
wr ---[ ] wrong, write, wrap(包，裹), wrist(手腕), wrest(拧，扭), wrestle(摔跤), wring(绞，扭)
双写分节不分音：miss, apple, egg, sorry, yellow, umbrella {双写元音字母：see, zoo, book}
ts/tes ---[ ] its tail(它的尾巴), two baskets /boats(两个篮子/小船), my coats /shirts (我的上衣/衬衫), three hats(三顶帽子), What’s this? It’s a pen. sits,
ds/des---[ ] two birds, two hands, English words, their beds, their heads, two blackboards, goods(商品/货物),
辅音连缀：pr ---[ ] practice, praise, pray, press, price, proud,
pl---[ ] please, play, plane, plan, place, plain, plenty (丰富, 大量), pliers (钳子(如老虎钳,手钳,扁嘴钳等),镊子),
plod(沉重地走, 辛勤工作), plop (扑通落下), plum(李子), plug(插头,插上),
br---[ ] brag(吹牛), brake (闸，刹车), brain, break, bread, breed (使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养), brown, bride(新娘),
bribe(贿赂, 向…行贿), brush
bl---[ ] black, bleed, blind, blouse, blood, blue,
cr-/kr---[ ] crab(螃蟹), cradle(摇篮), cream, crop, cricket([昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球) criticize(批评, 责备), cry,
cruel(残忍的), kraut(泡菜), Kremlin (克里姆林宫),
cl-/kl---[ ] class, claim((根据权利)要求得到, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要) clean, clear, clock, close, click(发出滴答
声,单击n.滴答声) , club(俱乐部, 夜总会,), klaxon (高音喇叭/气笛, 电喇叭), Klan (=Ku Klux Klan)三K党)
gr---[ ] grade, grass, grape, graceful(优雅的，温文尔雅)，green, great, grief(悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤), grin(露
齿笑, 裂口笑), groan(呻吟(着说), gruffly (说话或态度粗暴地, 粗声地, 生硬地)
gl---[ ] glass, glad, gleam (发微光, 使闪烁), glide(滑行,滑翔), globe(地球仪), glove(手套), glue(胶水/胶合)
fr---[ ] France, French, free, fresh (新鲜的, 无经验的), frequent (频繁的), friend (朋友), fried, fry, frog (青蛙),
from(自，从)，front (前面,前线,阵线), fruit (水果, 果实, 果类, 成果), frustrated (感到灰心/失败的)
fl---[ ] flat, flag, flame(火焰,热情), flap (拍打, 鼓翼而飞, 飘动), flares (喇叭裤), flash (闪光, 闪现, 一瞬间),
sl---[ ] slave (奴隶), slander (诽谤), slaughter (屠宰, 残杀, 屠杀), sleep (睡眠, 睡觉),
sm---[ ] small (小的, 少的), smart (聪明的, 漂亮的, 灵巧地, 时髦地), smarty (=wise guy自作聪明的人),
sn---[ ] snow, snake, snack (吃)快餐/小吃)),
sk---[ ] skate, skating, skirt, ski (=skee滑雪), skim (掠过, 滑过, 浏览), skin (皮肤, 兽皮, 皮毛), skint (身无分文的, 穷光蛋的), skip (跳, 蹦,跳读), sky-blue (天蓝色的, 淡蓝色, 蔚蓝色)
sp---[ ] speak (说话, 谈话, )spear ([spiE]矛, 枪), specific ([spi`sifik]特效药, 详细而精确的, 明确的), spice (香料, 调味品,情趣), spider (蜘蛛), sport(运动,运动会),
st---[ ] stand, stamp (邮票, 跺(脚), 顿(足)), stage (舞台,戏剧,举行), star (星, 恒星, 明星, 名角),
dw---[ ] dwarf ([dwC:f]n.矮子, 侏儒v.(使)变矮小),
tw---[ ] twelve, twelfth, twenty, twentieth, twain ([twein]n.两, 双, 二, 一对),
thr---[ ] three, thread(线，细丝, 线索, 思路, 螺纹),
*****************************************************************
字母L的两种读音口诀：音节开头发清音[l -], 音节末尾模糊音[- l],
[l - ] lazy, like, look, long, lubber ([`lQbE] adj.粗笨的, 笨拙的n.傻大个), black, please, clock, color, toilet, holiday, English, Italian, nationality, lollipop,
[- l ] girl[E:l], ball [C:l], small, school[u:l], well[el], smell, level[(E)l], smile[ail], hill[il], old[Eul], cold, child[ail], children [il], full [ul], beautiful [ul], apple [pl], people, pupil, table [bl], impossible, label ((贴)标签), little [tl], bottle, title, middle [dl], cradle(摇篮),bicycle [kl], eagle [gl], pencil [sl], puzzle [-zl], dazzle[5dAzl](眩目，晃眼，耀眼),
常见音节尾音总结：[i:l / il / el/ Al / Ql / El / E:l / C:l / Cl / u:l / ul / ail / eil / Cil / iEl / uEl / aul / Eul / ]
[-pl / -bl / -tl / -dl / -kl / -gl / -fl / -vl / -sl / -zl / ]
[-pEl / -bEl / -tEl / -dEl / -kEl / -gEl / -fEl / -vEl / -sEl / -zEl ]
元音字母a e i(y) o u 的发音口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。
重开音节多长音，[ei][i:][ai][Eu][ju:/u:]来拼；重闭音节/轻音短，[A][e][i][C][Q][u][E]
a接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei][A] [C/C:][i] [E]。e的发音首数[e]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i][E]。
重开音节i发[ai]，重闭/轻音短[i][E]。o发长音[Eu][C:][u:]，短音[Q][C][E] one殊。
u字多发 [ju:]和[Q]，忙碌busy(i)加[u:][u]。y头发[j]重读[ai]，轻音/结尾[i]变来。
ay ,ey, o/uy，多发[ei][i],[Ci][ai]。r前元音常卷舌，S后弱音须强化。
相近发音不规则，省力顺口是关键。相近/强化加弱化，使得元音多变化。
例词：
a--- [/ ei / B:/ A/ C:/ C/ E/ i / ] 强化音[ei]，弱化音[E]a接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei][A] [C/C:][i] [E]。
name [ei], table [ei], car [B:], park [B:], class [B:], basket [B:/A], as [A], ass [A], father [B:], afterward(s) [B:/E](然后, 后来), dollar [E],cap [A], catch [A], grammar [A/E], America [E], asleep, alone, afraid, banana [E /B:/E], woman [E], water [C:], watch [C], what [C], war [C:], orange [i],
e--- [/ i:/ e/ i / E/ -*(词尾空音) / ] 强化音[i:]，弱化音[E/ i ] e的发音首数[e]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i][E]。
he [i:], she [i:], we [i:], me [i:], evening [i:], red [e], pencil [e], empty [e], desk [e], umbrella [e], French [e], basket [i], women [i], pretty [i], the [E / i:], children [E], open [E], hundred [E / i:],
/ -*(词尾空音) /---- whose [z], house [s], nice [s], face [s], white [t], name [m], give [v], side [d], wake [k], prize [z], fine [n], tube [b], orange [dV], employee [i:] (职工, 雇员, 店员), apple [pl], table [bl], little [tl], middle [dl], bicycle [kl], eagle [gl](鹰),
i--- [ /ai / i:/ i / E / ] 强化音[ai/i:]，弱化音[E/ i] 重开音节发[i: /ai]，重闭/轻音短[i][E]。
right [ai], bicycle [ai], white [ai], police [i:], this [i], which [i], his [i],building [i], beautiful [E], holiday [E],
o--- [ /Eu/ Q/ C/ C:/u:/ u / E / wQ-] 强化音[Eu/ C:/u:]，弱化音[E]
u--- [ /ju:/ Q / u / u: /i / ] 强化音[ju:/u:]，弱化音[i]u字多发 [ju:]和[Q]，忙碌busy(i)加[u:][u]。
use [ju:], usually [ju:], tube [ju:], music [ju:], pupil [ju:], rubber [Q], umbrella [Q], mum [Q], hungry [Q], bus [Q], just [Q],cup [Q],put [u], full [u], pull [u], ruler [u:],Sue [u:],blue [u:],minute [i], busy [i]
y--- [ /ai / j / i /] 强化音[ai]，弱化音[i] y头发[j]重读[ai]，轻音/结尾[i]变来。
your [j], you [j], yes [j], yellow [j], young [j], my [ai], why [ai], tyre [ai], style [ai], fry [ai], cry [ai], bicycle [i], baby [i], ready [i], hungry [i], very [i], thirsty [i], empty [i], busy [i], body [i], slowly [i],
常见元音字母组合发音口诀：
字母组合固定音，常受影响发音变；千锤百炼习语感。
组合爱发长/双元(音(重读音节))；常受影响发音变；为了顺口图方便，近似发音相变换。
另有强化加弱化，多个字母省略念。外来/古语不规则(发音)，熟读百遍字腔圆。
a--- ay [ei] day, say, play, way, weekday, birthday, // [i] Sunday, Monday, …
ar [B:] car, star, farm, are, park, garlic, // [E] dollar, collar, grammar, particular [pE`tikju:lE],
al [C:] all, ball, small, hall, walk, chalk, // [B:] half,
[C:l / Al / El ]非组合式的情况：although[C:l], alga [`AlgE](藻类, 海藻), algal [`AlgEl](adj.海藻的), algebra [Al`dVibrE] (代数学), signal [lsigEl](信号/发信号, 用信号通知),
au [C:] daughter, fault, audience, cause, August[`C:gEst] (八月), august [C:`gQst](令人敬畏的, 威严的),
[C] because, [au] kraut(泡菜), [B:] laugh,
air [ZE] air, chair, hair, pair, fair,
ai [ei] aid, aim, rain, afraid, wait, maid, straight, faith (信念, 宗教信仰, 忠实,),
aw [C:] draw, law, saw, awful, raw,
e--- ea [i:] teacher, tea, eat, meat, read, clean, heal, [e] bread, breakfast, head, [ei] great, break, steak,
ee [i:] meet, teeth, see, three, green, week, freezing, queen,
ei [ei] eight, weigh, weight, [i:] receive, ceiling, deceit (n.欺骗, 谎言), deceive(v. 欺骗, 谎言), receipt (收条, 收据, 收到), perceive (v.察觉感知, 感到), conceit (原义;自负, 幻想),
er [E:] her, herd(兽群, 牧群/放牧), emergency (紧急情况, 紧急突发事件, 非常时刻,), [E] teacher, sister, brother, farmer, worker, letter, over,
ear [iE] ear, hear, near, year, fear, earwig (偷听者), [ZE] pear, wear, swear(宣誓, 发誓),
[E:] early, earth, earn,
ere [iE] here, sphere (球体), hemisphere (半球), [ZE] there, ere (prep/conj. 前于...; 在...以前),
eir [ZE] their,
eer [iE] beer, deer, cheer(欢呼/喝彩), sneer(冷笑,讥笑), jeer(讥讽嘲弄), engineer, ,
ey [ei] they, grey, hey,
ew [ju:] new, few, hew(砍), view(景色, 风景, 观点, 见解), ewe (母羊),
i--- ir [E:] girl, sir, thirsty, shirt, skirt, first, thirty, whirl((使)旋转), stir (轰动, 激起,搅动),
ie [i:] piece, niece(侄女, 甥女), field, thief, believe, belief, achieve(完成, 达到), chief(首领, 领袖, 酋长, 长官//主要的, 首要的, 首席的, 主任的), grief(悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤), relief((痛苦等的)减轻),
ire [aiE] tire(轮胎；使劳累), tired(累的，疲劳的), wire(金属丝, 电线),
igh [ai] right, light, fight, might(也许, 或许; 可能), night, knight,
o--- or [C:] or, for, fork, morning, short, torch, more, [E:] work, worker, [E] actor, doctor, forget,
oa [Eu] boat, coat, goat, goal,
oo [u:]school, food, too, room, tooth, spoon, moon, boot, root, wool, mood(心情, 情绪, 语气, 状态),
[u] book, look, cook, good, football, foot [Q] blood, flood,
ou [au] house, blouse, trousers, mouse, mouth, south, ouch, out, our, hour, flour, sour, mountain,
[Q] young, touch, rough(粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的), [u:] you, through, rouge [ru:V](擦口红/胭脂), [u]would, could, should, [C:] cough,
ow [au] brown, down, how, now, towel, tower, [Eu] yellow, bowl, show, blow, snow, throw
oy/oi [Ci] boy, toy, enjoy, employ, // noise, noisy, toilet, oil, boil,
our [au] our, flour(面粉) [C:] your, four, course,
ore [C:] before, more, forehead, foresee,
oor [C:/ JE]/ door, floor, moor(荒野;停泊, 系住),
u--- ur [E:] turn, Thursday, hurt, fur, urge, further, urban (城市的, 市内的), suburb, suburbia (郊区居民),
ure picture, future[tFE], // sure[FuE], //pleasure, measure[VE],
ua [JE] usual, usually, February, graduate [`grAdJEt](大学)毕业生, 研究生),
非组合发音： graduate [`grAdjJeit] (v. (使)(大学)毕业), [jJE]January,
uy [ai] buy, guy,
五、音节、音节的结构和类型、音节划分、音节重音和拼读：
1. 音节就是英文单词字母(或发音)的排列单位，一个单位算一节。连读起来轻重缓急，流利有节奏，便于听说阅读。
2. 音节的结构、类型：口诀： 完全结构头中尾(音头/音中/音尾)，元音字母占中央(包含组合)，缺头少尾有开闭(音节)，e尾/成音/r音节。
开音节/闭音节：以元音或不发音的e结尾的叫开音节，以辅音结尾的是闭音节。
开音节(词) ：[以开音节结尾] a, area, tea, by, day, no, boy, buy, grey, ba*by, ru*ler, rub*ber, fa*ther, the, she, we, he, bee, ta*ble, ap*ple, name, bi*cy*cle, banana, orange, some,
闭音节(词)：bas*ket, bag, cap, class, miss, cross, rain, ti*red, bed, red, yes, egg, sit, it, begin(开始), hot, not, boat, boil(沸腾，煮沸，激动), cup, sun, cut, put, but, mutton(羊肉), meet, woman,
r音节：元音字母(a e i o u) + r构成的独立的音节，也可以前后加辅音字母共同构成音节。
例如：far(远的), arm, er (嗯~), her, tea*cher, ru*ler, sir, girl, stir(轰动, 激起), or, for(为了，对于，因为，适合), short, fur(毛皮), turn, // ar·ti·cle(文章), or·der (命令, 定购, 定制；次序, 顺序,秩序), ur·gent (急迫的, 紧急的), ur·ban (城市的, 市内的),
成音节： 辅音字母(有时跟不发音/弱化音的元音字母) + l, m, n, (常常带有不发音的e)可算作一个音节。
例如：la·bel ((贴)标签), pu·pil, pen·cil [sl], ta·ble, bi·cy·cle, lit·tle [tl], ap·ple [pl],
peo·ple,
3. 划分音节口诀： 音节中心看母音，辅音要向两边站。中心之间辅音连，一靠后,二分手；多个中间偏左右，字母组合算一个(音)。多音节尾 -l -m –n(e)，前有辅音成音节。
例子：学会一眼识破音节数目，运用语音规则，做到见字读音。
闭音节：pen [pen], cap [kAp], bas*ket [`bB:skit], green [gri:n], book [buk], and [And], eat [i:t],
开音节：he [hi:], she [Fi:], tea [ti:],my [mai], tea·cher [`ti:tFE], rea·dy [`redi], Ju·ly [`dVu(:)lai],
ru·ler [`ru:lE], her [hE:],
成音节： ta·ble [`teibl], ap·ple [pl], bot·tle [tl], mid·dle [dl], bi·cy·cle [`baisikl], pen·cil [sl],
se·ven [`sevn], e·le·ven [i `lev(E)n],
不发音的e 尾：come [kQm], please [pli:z], whose [hu:z], nice [nais], name [neim], give [giv],（开音节的外形，多读长音。）
4. 单词重音（重音符号ˊ）：双音节和多音节词中常常重读一个音节，其它读轻音。遇到生词，有音标当然省事，但在无音标的情况下，至于哪个音节要重读，由于英语词源、构词、例外情况等诸多因素限制，不可能将每个生词读的完全无误。只能掌握的一般规律：
重音口诀： 为了顺口有节奏，张口由大变到小(省气力)，大口/长音多重读，还要保持身平衡(整个单词发音)，特别写法长又多(特别是写法很长的多音节词)，倒数第三多琢磨。(一般是)前轻---中重----后又轻。哪儿平顺哪(儿)读重。
