语法（2）
1.英语中有些以－ly结尾的词加是形容词（或至少它可以用作形容词）。这主要有以下几类
①在friend, brother,women等词后加上后级－ly,通常是形容词，而不是副词，其意义为“具有那种本性或本质的”，这类词常见的有：beastly, cowardly, earthly, fatherly, friendly, gentlemanly, heavenly, leisurely, manly, masterly, princely, queenly, kingly, lovely, scholarly, womanly等。
e.g. What beastly weather!多么恶劣的天气！
It is cowardly of you not to admit your mistake. 你不承认错误就不是好样儿的。
He has a very brotherly manner towards the little boys. 他像哥哥一样对待那些小男孩。
No earthly sovereign can do what he pleases. 没有一个世间君王可以为所欲为。
He looks very manly in his uniform. 他穿着制服看起来十分精神。
This is a masterly piece of work. 这是一件杰作。
We spent a heavenly day at the beach. 我们在海滨痛痛快快地玩了一天。
The pupil group tour the university at a leisurely pace. 这群小学生悠闲地参观这所大学。
Englishmen were regarded as the most gentlemanly people in the world. 英国男子曾被认为是世界上最有绅士风度的人。
The sceptre is an attribute of kingly power. 节杖是国王权力的象征。
②在hour, day等表示时间的名词后加上词尾－ly,也可用作形容词（此时也可用作副词），其意为“每.......”，
这类词比较常见的有：hourly, daily,weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, biweekly, bimonthly等。
e.g. The trains leave at hourly intervals. 列车每隔一小时开出一趟。（hourly为形容词）
We are expecting news hourly. 我们时刻期待着消息。（hourly为副词）
We will pay for houses by monthly instalments. 我们将按月分期付款买房。（monthly为形容词）
Monthly contributions to the pension scheme will be taken out of your salary. 养老金制度中每月的公积金要从薪金中扣除。（monthly为副词）
She asked him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs,她让他每两周写一篇有关欧洲情况的文章。（biweekly为形容词）
The group meets on a regulur basis, usually weekly or biwcekly,这个小组定期会面，通常每周或每两周一次。（biweekly为副词）
2.含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式：
英语中某些假设的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来，而是通过某些短语、上下文或其他方式表达出来，其谓语也常用虚拟语气，这就是含蓄条件句。
①将条件隐含在不定式短语中。
e.g. I should be happy to go with you. (=I should be happy if I could go with you. )如果能与你一起去，我将很高兴。
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. (=If you have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. )如果你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。
②将条件隐含在分词短语中。
Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. (=If he had been born in better times, he would have been a scholar. )
如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。
Failing this time,what would you do?
(=If you failed thistime,what would you do?)
假若这次失败，那你怎么办？
Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified.
(=If Mary walked alone in the dark,shewould be terrified. )
要是一个人单独在黑暗中走，玛丽会感到十分害怕。
③将条件隐含在介词短语中。
e.g. Without air,no one could live.
(=If there were no air,no one could live. )没有空气，人就不能活。
But for our help,he would have failed.
(=If it hadn't been for our help,he would have failed.)
要不是有我们的帮助，他就会失败。
④将条件隐含在名词短语中。
e.g. A few hours earlier,and you would have seen the famous writer. (=If you had come a few hours earlier,you would have seen the famous writer. ) 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。
⑤将条件隐含在某些连词中。
e.g. I didn't know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn't have believed him. (or else-if I had known he was a cheat)
我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。
I'm really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. (otherwise-if I were notso busy)
我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。
⑥将条件隐含在定语从句中。
e.g. Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo.
=(If anyone had seen that painting, he might have taken it for a photo. )凡是看过那张画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。
⑦将条件隐含在一定的上下文中。
e.g. Don't bother to read all these papers. It would take too long.(-If you read all these papers,it would take too long. )不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。
3.同位语：一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词（成起类似作用的其他形式），对前者进行解释或补充说明，这一部分就叫作同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
①作同位语的可以是单词也可以是短语。
e.g. We Chinese are brave and hardworking,我们中国人既勇敢又勤劳。
You three take these seals. 你们三个坐这儿。
注意：有时可用形容词作同位语，作用接近定语，但放在所同位名词的后面，且有退号起它们分开。
e.g. People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老的少的都上街观看游行.
Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home. (形容词短语作定语，不是名词性结构，不是同位语）刚刚从培训班回来的王丽被任命为妇产科主任。
②同位语从句，指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，属于名词性从句的范畴，同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系，同位语从句一般由that引导，与先行词分离的情况在英语书面语中不时会出现，很难识别。
e.g. The chances are that the thief will be under 21 and doing it for a lark.偷东西的很可能是个不到21岁的年轻人，干这事儿只是贪玩。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起敌人可能已经逃出城了。
He made a promise to his father that he would work hard in the future. 他向他父亲保证将来一定努力工作。
4.英语中的平行结构：
平行结构指的是内容相似，结构相同，无先后顺序，无因果关系的并列句，其中一种形式就是连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构，如并列连词and,but,as well as,or,or else,both. .and. . . ,neither nor. ,either or not only but (also) . . .rather than,as. . .a. . . . 等，以及从属连词than.
平行结构注意事项如下：
①所连接的谓语形式必须一致。
e.g. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.火药是在12世纪发现的，但直到两百年后才用于战争。
②所连接的词或短语形式必须一致。
e.g. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how well you participate in class. 你的学期成绩不仅基于你每次测试的成绩，而且也要基于你在课堂上的表现。
We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 我们经常去乡下和工厂.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. 我宁愿去乡下而不愿待在这儿。
③连接的非谓语动词形式必须一致。
e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有些人发现游泳比坐在家里读书更令人开心。
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 他在写信，没有读报纸。
④所连接的句子结构必须一致。
e.g. She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 她对你的付出和告诉她的一切感到满意。
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us. 与我们相比，研究目的对他们有更加不同的意义。
5. as可引导五种状语从句：
①as表示“当··的时候”，引导时间状语从句，多强调主句和从句中的动作成状态同时发生，从句可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。
e.g. As I waited at the stop, I heard a big noise. 车站等车的时候，我听到一个很大的声响。
She rose up as he entered. 当他进来时，她站了起来。
②as表示“因为：由于”、引导原因状语从句，其语气不如because强，通常为附加说明的理由，用于表明主句行动的合理性。
e.g. As she was not well,I went there alone.
因为她身体不好，所以我独自到那里去了。
As he is a tailor,he knows what to do with this material. 由于他是个裁缝，他知道怎样利用这块布料。
③as 表示“虽然·但是··. . . . ”，引导让步状语从句，从句通常用倒装语序，把从句的表语、状语或动词原形放在as前面。
e.g. Child as he is,he knows a lot.
虽然他是个孩子，但他知道的东西很多。
Hard as it was raining,they went on working in the field.
虽然天下大雨，但他们继续在田地里干活。
④as表示“按照：依照：像”，引导方式状语从句，从句置于主句之后。
e.g. You should do as the teacher tells you. 你应当依照老师所说的去做。The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space as they do from the earth空气的缺乏也解释了为什么星星在太空中看起来不如在地球上看起来那样闪烁。
⑤as表示“像·. 一样”，引导比较状语从句，对主句和从句的动作或状态加以比较，说明它们之间有相似之处，在从句中常省略与主句相同的部分。
e.g.He doesn't work as hard as I (do). 他不像我工作那样努力。
I hope the necklace was as good as the one you lent me. 我希望这个项链同你借给我的一样好、
6.形式为单数，但意义可以为单数或复数的表示“群体”的集体名词（如family,class,team,school等）作句子主语时，谓语用单数还是复数，得看这个词的含义，如果指代整体，就用单数，如果指构成集体的人，则用作复数。
e.g.This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。
The team is famous for its long history. 该队以历史悠久而闻名。
He has joined the football team who are all famous footballers.
他参加了一个足球队，队里全是著名球员。
7.英语的某些状语从句的真正含义与其表面形式并不一致，不能单从连接副词的词义来套译，要根据原句的逻辑关系，实际含义和具体情况来判断。
e.g. Can any society survive when its citizens are all engaged in a furious competition to carve up the spoils?如果全社会的公民都为争权夺利而展开激烈竞争，那么这个社会能逃得过瓦解的命运吗？（逻辑关系上是条件状语）
If he actually did commit the crime, he wouldn't be punished. 他即便真的犯了罪，也不会受到惩罚的。（逻辑关系上为让步状语）
8. 伴随状语是指状语的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。一般在分词短语（现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语。
e.g. The dog entered the room, following his master.
狗跟随主人进了房间。
The master entered the room, followed by his dog. 主人进了屋，后面跟着他的狗。
9. 现在分词作状语时，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。
e.g. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
来访的部长对会谈结果表示满意，并说他此行很愉快。（伴随状语）
European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
80多个国家踢欧式足球，使之成为全球最受欢迎的运动项目。（结果状语）
Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful. 从山顶上往下看，城市显得更美丽了。（条件状语）
10.英语名词词组的构成：限定词＋前置修饰语＋名词（中心词）＋后置修饰语（介词短语、分词、形容词短语、不定式、定语从句、同位语从句）。
e.g. this old house you bought
the world full of wonders
the cars made in Japan
that old man standing against the wall
the house behind the shop
our goal to enter Tsinghua University
the meeting to be held tomorrow
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