【专四语法】分词、动名词、独立主格结构

分词、动名词、独立主格结构等简要用法

1、 分词用法如下

分词作状语，一般直接出现在开头，后面加句子。

a)主动结构做状语，前面状语隐含主语与后面句子主语一致。

(Not)Being a student/sick/in the room,加句子 (Being sick, he feels sad.)

(Not)Having been a student/sick/in the room, 加句子( Having been sick, he stays at home.)

(Not)Doing, 加句子(Smiling, he came into the room.)

(Not)Having done,加句子(Having finished his homework, he returned home.)

He came in, smiling.(本句子中的状语smiling放在后面而不是前面)

b)被动结构做状语，前面状语隐含主语与后面句子主语一致。

(Not)Done,加句子(Written, the letter was put on the table.)

(Not)Being done,加句子(Being written, the letter hasn’t been finished yet.)

(Not)Having been done,加句子(Having been written, the letter is put on the table.)

He came in, excited.(本句子中的状语excited放在后面而不是前面)

c)分词作定语

The letter (which was )written yesterday is on the table

The letter (which is) being written now is on the table.

The letter (which is )to be written tomorrow is on the table.

The man who has survived(having survived ) the earthquake is my friend.

The man (who is )dancing here now is my friend.

2. 独立主格结构

a)主动形式的独立主格结构

名词/代词+being a student/sick/in the room,加句子(He/Mary being sick, he feels sad.)

名词/代词+having been a student/sick/in the room, 加句子( He/Mary having been sick, he stays at home.)

名词/代词+doing, 加句子 (He/Mary Smiling, Peter came into the room.)

名词/代词+having done,加句子 (He/Mary having finished his homework, he returned home.)

b)被动形式的独立主格结构

名词/代词+done, 加句子 (He/Mary punished, he feels sad.)

名词/代词+being done,加句子 (He/Mary being punished, he feels sad.)

名词/代词+having been done,加句子(He/Mary having been punished, he feels sad.)

3. 动名词，顾名思义，具有名词属性，做主语或宾语，做宾语时要么做动词宾语，要么做介词宾语。

a)动名词做主语，一般在动名词前面加某人的。

主动形式的动名词做主语

名词/代词’s （not）being a student/sick/in the room+加谓语动词(His/Mary’s being sick makes me sad.)

名词/代词’s （not）having been a student/sick/in the room+加谓语动词( His/Mary’s having been sick makes me sad.)

名词/代词’s （not）doing+谓语动词(His/Mary’s smiling makes me happy.)

名词/代词’s （not）having done+谓语动词(His/Mary’s having finished his homework makes me happy.)

b) 被动形式的动名词做主语

名词/代词’s（not） being done+谓语动词(His/Mary’s being punished makes me sad.)

名词/代词’s （not）having been done+谓语动词(His/Mary’s having been punished makes me sad.

c)动名词做动词或介词宾语

We are talking about (discussing )his/Mary’s （not）being sick/his laughing/his having finished the work.

We are talking about (discussing )his/Mary’s （not）being punished.

We are talking about (discussing ) him/Mary being punished.