俄罗斯金环城市（三）弗拉基米尔

 

弗拉基米尔是俄罗斯的一个州，世界闻名的旅游线路“俄罗斯金环”从弗拉基米尔州境内穿过。州府弗拉基米尔位在克里亚济马河河岸，位于莫斯科东北190千米处。这是一个比莫斯科还要古老的都市。十二世纪俄罗斯还是春秋战国，一个地方就是一个公国。1108年，弗拉基米尔大公在此建城，1157年成为弗拉基米尔--苏兹达利公国的首都。1238年蒙古人大举入侵，劫掠了这个城市。14世纪弗拉基米尔成为俄罗斯东北部的行政、文化和宗教中心。古城建筑庄重宏伟、规整匀称且线条优美，城门分别以“金”、“银”、“铜”命名。金门是罕见的军事建筑典型，至今保留完好。1160年所建的圣母升天大教堂是俄罗斯现存最古老的教堂。此教堂由安德烈大公所建，在12到15世纪期间，所有沙皇都在此进行加冕。13世纪时圣母升天大教堂受到蒙古人严重破坏。后来经过修复，到现仍保存了12、15、18世纪留下的彩色壁画，其中又以15世纪画作的收藏最为丰富。圣画家安德列·鲁布洛夫的名作“圣母圣像”，也从莫斯科移来此处珍藏。教堂内还有文化中心、图书馆等。就在苏联时代这个升天大教堂仍然开门，接受东正教的朝拜。它边上的德米特里大教堂也是12世纪用白色石灰岩修建的，气势恢弘，是弗拉基米尔最美丽的教堂。德米特里教堂采用俄罗斯东北部最传统建筑样式，正面墙上雕刻着耀眼的动植物和狩猎的景象。此教堂也是现存此类建筑中，唯一外观有雕刻的一座，优美气息独具。

升天大教堂前面骑着高头大马的弗拉基米尔大公是建城的老大公的儿子，是古代俄罗斯的统帅和政治家，他的名字叫亚历山大·涅夫斯基。1236年当了诺夫哥罗德那个地方的公爵。1240年他在涅瓦河畔击败了瑞典侵略者，1242年，他又领着他的诺夫哥罗德军子弟兵打败了入侵的德意志立窝尼亚骑士团，挽救了俄罗斯。使俄罗斯的西北部地区免于被西方天主教国家征服。当蒙古人势不可挡的骑兵蹂躏并征服了俄罗斯之后，亚历山大·涅夫斯基保存实力表示臣服，他还充当了蒙古人建立的金帐汗国与俄罗斯各公国之间的调解人的角色。1246年，金帐汗封他为基辅大公。1252年，亚历山大·涅夫斯基被金帐汗封为弗拉基米尔大公。其间他主要干的就是统一俄罗斯北部的各个公国。因为他挡住了天主教国家对俄罗斯的征服，俄罗斯东正教会封亚历山大·涅夫斯基为圣徒。彼得大帝建都彼得堡的时候，下令把他的遗骨移至圣彼得堡，彰显他对俄罗斯统一的功绩。卫国战争的时候斯大林封他为民族英雄，来弘扬全苏联的民族精神。

弗拉基米尔这地方出了许多俄罗斯的的杰出人物，有十八世纪俄国的大军事家苏沃洛夫大元帅，领军所向无敌，一辈子打过芬兰，土耳其，还领着俄奥联军打到了意大利，他的战争理论，战术原则一直影响到苏联红军。还有那个在卫国战争的时候把希特勒气死的全苏广播电台播音员、苏联人民艺术家尤.鲍.列维坦，他的播音一直鼓舞着苏联的军民奋勇抗击，希特勒专门派飞机轰炸广播电台，宣布他的死亡，还说，打下莫斯科现抓斯大林，再抓列维坦。还有现代空气动力学创始人茹科夫斯基，第一个电视发射管的发明者兹沃雷金等等等等不胜枚举。人杰地灵啊！

弗拉基米尔是俄罗斯的工业基地之一，它的拖拉机，玻璃产业都是当时苏联首屈一指的啊。

不过我们到弗拉基米尔看到的一片祥和安静，这里没有大城市的繁华喧闹，无轨电车轻轻地划过，城市里无处不在的花园里弗拉基米尔人尽情的享受那阳光，微风。孩子们在父母的呵护下快乐的蹦着跳着……

p1  圣母升天大教堂                                                                                                                                -

        p2  弗拉基米尔大公亚历山大.涅夫斯基                                                                                              

 p3                                                                                                                                                    -

p4  大公是这些神支撑的啊                                                                                                                    -

p5  德米特里大教堂                                                                                                                            -

 p6                                                                                                                                                         -

 p7 这个圣母和圣子多人性啊                                                                                                                -

 p8 休闲                                                                                                                                         -

p9  红衣女郎                                                                                                                                            -

p10  这也是一种氛围                                                                                                                           -

p11  矜持的女孩们                                                                                                                                     -

p12  欢迎拍照啊                                                                                                                                  -

p13  智者纪念碑                                                                                                                               -

 p14                                                                                                                                                          -

 p15                                                                                                                                                    -

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 p17 圣画家安德列·鲁布洛夫                                                                                                          -

p18 噢！我来啦                                                                                                                                 -

 p19 我翘上来了                                                                                                                                  -

 p20 我算对啦（小姑娘玩的是算盘）                                                                                                   -

p21  儿子乐啦                                                                                                                                           -

 p22 美丽妈妈                                                                                                                                      -

 p23 我压住啦                                                                                                                                         -

 p24 金门                                                                                                                                          -

 p25                                                                                                                                                            -

 p26 州会堂                                                                                                                                              -

 p27                                                                                                                                                         -

p28  州政府                                                                                                                                                -

 p29                                                                                                                                                       -

 p30 专注                                                                                                                                              -

 p31 爱                                                                                                                                                   -

 p32                                                                                                                                                  -

       p33                                                                                                                                                    -

p34                                                                                                                                                          -

p35 散步                                                                                                                                                   -

p36  我也要飞                                                                                                                                             -

p37  闪光的蒲公英                                                                                                                                  -

p38                                                                                                                                                         -

 p39 无名英雄纪念碑                                                                                                                                 -

p40  永不熄灭的火焰