高考英语阅读试题的命题特点(二)
在高考英语阅读命题中，沈阳高中英语家教杨溯指出首先，为了测试方便，沈阳高中英语家教杨溯把阅读能力分解成一系列的微技能；第二，题目主要是测试文章关键信息或者信息焦点，试题分布均衡；第三，干扰项有足够的干扰性。
1. 阅读能力被分解成微技能
沈阳高中英语家教杨溯为了便于测试，阅读能力被分解为六种主要的微技能。他们是：理解主旨和要义，理解文中的具体信息，根据上下文推断生词的词义，做出推理和判断，理解文章的基本结构和作者的意图、观点和态度。沈阳高中英语家教杨溯上文提到，阅读的终极目的是形成情境模型，在形成情境模型的过程中，读者无一例外的要用到上面这六种微技能。这六种微技能是构成整个的阅读过程的基本要素。在高考命题过程中逐渐形成了比较固定的设问方式来考查这六种微技能（见表2）。虽然有时候我们能在表面上分开这六种技能，但是，在考生答某一种题目的过程中，还要综合运用多种技能来帮助自己找到合适的答案。
表2 微技能考查设问例示
微技能
例示
理解主旨和要义
What is the best title for the passage?
理解文中的具体信息
We learn from the text that the new type of pineapple is .
根据上下文推断生词的词义
The underlined word…probably refers to something .
做出推理和判断
We can infer that the text is .
理解文章的基本结构
Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph referto .
理解作者的意图、观点和态度
This is basically a letter of _. C. appreciation D.dissatisfaction
需要指出的是，高考中考查代词指代对象的题目属于考查文章基本结构的试题。这是因为，文章的基本结构不但指文章的整体结构，也包含了句子与句子之间的微型结构。要回答这种题目，考生必须要读懂上下文，理解句子与句子之间的关系，知道上文中的名词，无论是主语还是宾语，和该词之间的指代关系。
2. 测试文章的关键信息
阅读理解测试主要测试关键信息。如果将文章的全部信息的获取和理解比作一棵枝叶茂盛的大树，沈阳高中英语家教杨溯主要测试的是树干和主要枝干，以及和主要枝干相连的主要枝叶，这是阅读测试信度和效度的保障。再者，测试信息焦点有助于对考生的高层次阅读能力有较准确的了解，避免因测试小能力而带来的不可预料的后果，有利于提高测试的效度。对于记叙文，关键信息是指事件的发展顺序；对于议论文是指主要的论点和论据；对于说明文，是指说明的顺序和整体的关系。请看2008年高考英语全国卷I中阅读B篇对于关键信息的考查：
表3 2008年高考英语全国一卷阅读B篇
关键信息
对应题目
旧菠萝的色和味
新菠萝的色和味
1. We learn from the text that the new type of pineapple is .
新菠萝的营养高
2. Why was the new type of pineapple selling well?
新菠萝受欢迎
3. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably referstosomething .
新菠萝发明者控制市场
4. We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte .
从表3中我们可以看出，关键信息都得到了考查。同时，四个题目在每一段分布均衡，四个题既有细节题（第1题），也有推测词义题（第3题），还有推理判断题（第2题）和考查段落主旨大意的题（第4题）。在题型上也体现了覆盖面。
3. 干扰项有干扰性
试题设计人员的任务之一就是基于不同考生的理解为各试题设计错误选项，以表3中的第3题为例，选项后是选择人数的比例。
例1...The Winton took an early lead. But halfway through therace, it began to lose power. Ford started to gain. And near theend of the race, he took the lead. Ford won the race and defeatedthe Winton. His name appeared in newspapers and he becamewell-known all over the United States. Within weeks of the race,Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, adoctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company.That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford'sdream. Ford said: "I will build a motor car for the great mass ofpeople. It will be large enough for the family, but small enoughfor one person to operate and care for. It will be built of thebest materials. It will be built by the best men to be employed.And it will be built with the simplest plans that modem engineeringcan produce. It will be so low in price that no man making goodmoney will be unable to ownone."
65. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refersto C .（2011年辽宁卷）
A. the selling of Ford cars at reducedprices (15.7%)
B. the sale of Model T to the mass ofpeople (7%)
C. the selling of a car to aDetroit doctor(48%)
D. the sales target for the Ford Company(29.3%)
沈阳高中英语家教杨溯解析：
这个题目每个选项的干扰项也都有5%以上的考生选择，该题目的干扰项设计是成功的但干扰项弱小。B、D项干扰性最大，因为正好符合本段的主题——关于车的销售，但是如果把这个意思放到整个句子中则说不通了，没有侧重销售的的对象，A项是张冠李戴项，它是把文章中的不符合主题的含义但字面含义与选项有重叠处得出的。这种选项对于能力较差的同学们是最容易出错的，由于他们对词汇理解的能力较差，所以对此类题型的练习，一定不能只关注词汇本身的含义，一定要结合本段的中心词、中心义、中心段（这些在考试技术中都要传授）
例2 … Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins,but also good against some diseases. People were understandablyeager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type ofpineapple was selling fast and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidlybecame a fixture in the shopping basket ofthe healthy eater.
61. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably referstosomething B .
（2008年全国卷I）
A. that people enjoyeating (38.5%)
B. that is always present(39.6%)
C. that is difficult to get(9.9%)
D. that people use as a gift(12.1%)
沈阳高中英语家教杨溯解析：
这个题目每个选项的干扰项都有5%以上的考生选择，该题目的干扰项设计是成功的。A项干扰性最大，因为正好符合本段的主题——人们喜欢这种水果，但是如果把这个意思放到整个句子中则说不通了：这种新型的菠萝卖得很快，德尔蒙特菠萝很快成为健康饮食者购物篮中好吃的东西。这里说的是卖得快，人们经常买，应该是“购物篮中常有的东西。”C项是“难得之物”，D项是“人们送礼的东西”。放到上下文中都讲不通，但是符合考生错误的联想。如果不能及时的把意思放回到语境中去理解，很容易选错。
下面是一道2011辽宁卷阅读真题请大家斟酌后选择，看看各位同学们的准确率如何？
The Coalition for the Homeless is an organizationthat seeks to address the needs of the homeless populationin the United States. It is a network of offices, some of whichprovide food and houses for the homeless population, and some ofwhich fight for the passing of laws that of over two hundredmillion people living in the United States,up to three million arehomeless—and the number is still growing. Since the late 1970s,fastrising house prices,large cuts in government supported housingprograms, and economic recession(经济衰退)have made it impossbile formany Americans to meet housing costs. Sadly, this has resulted in anumber of persons being forced to leave their homes and/or unableto find new affordable homes. According to anotherresearch,families with children appear to be the fastest-growingpart of the homeless
population, making up 39% of it.The old idea of ahomeless person,that of the single man who gets drunk all thetime,is no longer true. A much lager part of the population nowfinds itself homeless. Even worse, once a person becomes homeless,he often finds it impossible to find a job,since most employersrequire anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home addresson a jobapplication.
70. What is the main cause of the rising number ofthe homeless in the U.S.?
A. The passing of new housinglaws. B. The fast growth of familysize .
C. The slow construction ofhouses. D. The ever-rising price of housing.
