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中国生物多样性特点
Characteristics of China's biodiversity
来源
https://news.cop15-china.com.cn/api-content/cms/contentzghynsdswdyxjszh
https://news.cop15-china.com.cn/api-content/cms/contentzghynsdswdyxjsen
(1) 物种丰富多样。中国由于物种特别丰富，被列为世界上12个生物多样性特丰国家之一。这12个国家的物种合在一起占有全世界上述类群物种总数的70%。这也是有人按生物多样性丰富程度中国被排在第8位的由来。据《中国生物物种名录2008》，中国拥有高等植物34291种，占世界第3位。中国是世界上裸子植物最多的国家；中国几乎拥有温带的全部木本属。中国的动物也很丰富，脊椎动物共有6588种，占世界总种数（45417）的14%。中国还是世界上鸟类种类最多的国家之一，共有鸟类1332种，占世界总种数的14.6%；中国的鱼类占世界鱼类总种数的17.5%。
(1) The species is rich and diverse. China is listed as one of the 12 countries with particularly rich biodiversity in the world due to its extremely rich species. The species of these 12 countries together account for 70% of the total number of species in the world. This is why China is ranked 8th in terms of the richness of biodiversity. According to 'China Biological Species List 2008', China has 34,291 species of higher plants, ranking third in the world. China has the most gymnosperms in the world, such as, China has almost all woody genera in the temperate zone. China is also very rich in animals. There are 6,588 species of vertebrates, accounting for 14% of the world's total species (45,417). China is also one of the countries with the most species of birds in the world, with a total of 1,332 species of birds, accounting for 14.6% of the world's total species. Furthermore, China's fish account for 17.5% of the world's total species of fish.
(2) 特有属、种繁多。中国生物区系的特有现象发达，高等植物中特有种最多，约17300种，占中国高等植物总种数的57%以上。在中国的脊椎动物中，特有种有667种，占10.5%。人们熟知的有“活化石”之称的水杉、银杏、银杉和攀枝花苏铁以及大熊猫、白鳍豚等都是中国的特有种。
(2) There are many endemic genera and species. The endemic phenomena of China's biota are well developed, with the most endemic species of higher plants, about 17,300 species, accounting for more than 57% of the total species of higher plants in China. Among the vertebrates in China, there are 667 endemic species, accounting for 10.5%. The well-known metasequoia, ginkgo, silver fir and Panzhihua cycad, as well as giant pandas and baiji dolphin known as 'living fossils' are endemic to China.
(3) 区系起源古老。由于中生代末（距今约6500万年）中国大部分地区已上升为陆地，第四纪冰期又未遭受大陆冰川的严重影响，许多地区都不同程度地保留了白垩纪、第三纪的古老残遗物种如木兰、木莲、含笑等。中国所产的很多陆栖脊椎动物中不少都是古老种类，如羚牛、大熊猫、白鳍豚、扬子鳄、大鲵等。
(3) The origin of the flora is ancient. At the end of the Mesozoic (approximately 65 million years ago), most areas of China had risen to land, and the Quaternary Ice Age was not severely affected by continental glaciers. Many areas have retained the ancient remnants of the Cretaceous and Tertiary to varying degrees. Relic species, such as Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, etc. Many of China's terrestrial vertebrates are ancient species, such as takin, giant panda, baiji dolphin, Chinese alligator, and giant salamander.
(4) 种质资源丰富。中国的栽培植物、家养动物及其野生亲缘的种质资源非常丰富，作物品种、药用植物、牧草、观赏花卉等也异常丰富。中国的农业有7000年以上的悠久历史，很早就发掘、利用、培育繁殖了自然环境中的遗传资源，因此中国的栽培植物和家养动物是世界上最丰富的，中国的果树种类居世界第一。目前人类生活和生存所依赖的动物和植物，有很多都起源于中国，而且中国至今还保有它们的大量野生原型及近缘种。中国同样具有悠久的野生动物驯养历史，是世界上家养动物品种和类群最丰富的国家。在中国的家养动物中，还拥有大量的特有种资源，在长期的人工选择和驯养之后，产品的经济学特征、生态类型和繁殖性状以及体型等方面形成独特、丰富的变异，成为世界上特有的种质资源。
(4) Rich germplasm resources. China has abundant germplasm resources of cultivated plants, domestic animals and their wild relatives, as are crop varieties, medicinal plants, pasture grass, and ornamental flowers. China’s agriculture has a long history of more than 7000 years. It has discovered, utilized, and bred genetic resources in the natural environment very early. Therefore, China’s cultivated plants and domestic animals are the most abundant in the world, and China’s fruit trees rank No. 1 in the world. At present, many animals and plants on which human life and survival depend on originated in China, and China still has a large number of wild prototypes and relatives of them. China also has a long history of wild animal domestication and is the country with the richest domestic animal species and groups in the world. Among domestic animals in China, there are also a large number of unique species resources. After long-term artificial selection and domestication, the economic characteristics, ecological types, reproductive characteristics, and body size of the products have formed unique and rich variations, becoming unique in the world.
(5) 生态系统丰富多彩。中国具有丰富的陆生生态系统和海洋与淡水生态系统。中国具有地球陆生生态系统各种类型，如森林、灌丛、草原、稀树草原、草甸、荒漠、泥炭、高山冻原等。中国的淡水生态系统类型和海洋生态类型系统也同样丰富多彩。
(5) The ecosystem is rich and colorful. China has abundant terrestrial ecosystems and marine and freshwater ecosystems. China has various types of terrestrial ecosystems, such as forests, shrubs, grasslands, savannas, meadows, deserts, peat, alpine tundra, etc. The types of freshwater ecosystems and marine ecosystems in China are also diverse.
(6) 丰富的传统知识和民族文化。由于悠久的历史和多民族的特点，中国与生物多样性直接相关的传统知识和民族文化也很丰富。如藏族宗教信仰对珍稀物种的保护，哈尼族对神山、神林的保护，蒙古族对草原的保护，以及纳西族的不准砍伐水源林、不准在树木生长期砍伐、不准猎杀孕兽和幼兽的传统都是对生物多样性最好的保护。蒙、藏、苗及其他少数民族的传统医药是生物多样性价值的重要组成部分。在吉林长白山地区，当地“放山”（即进山寻参）的规矩中就有“抬大留小”（如发现成片的人参，只能采挖大的，小的要留下给后人）和“红榔头布种”（发现有种子的，要将种子种下，留给后人）等传统，这些都对生物多样性的保护和可持续利用具有重要的意义。
(6) Rich traditional knowledge and national culture. Due to its long history and multi-ethnic characteristics, China is also rich in traditional knowledge and ethnic culture directly related to biodiversity. For example, Tibetan religious beliefs protect rare species, Hani protect sacred mountains and sacred forests, Mongolian protection of grassland, and Naxi people are not allowed to cut down water source forests, are not allowed to cut down during the growth period of trees, and are not allowed to hunt and kill pregnant or immature animals. The traditions mentioned above are the best protection of biodiversity. The traditional medicine of Mongolian, Tibetan, Miao and other ethnic minorities is an important part of biodiversity value. In the Changbai Mountain area of Jilin Province, the local rule of 'putting the mountains' (that is, entering the mountains to find ginseng) includes 'raising the big and leaving the small' (if you find pieces of ginseng, you can only dig the big ones, and leave the small ones to future generations) and 'red hammer cloth seeds' (if seeds are found, they must be planted and left to future generations). These are of great significance to the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
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