SUBSTATION DESIGN / APPLICATION GUIDE  变电站设计/应用指南

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SUBSTATION DESIGN / APPLICATION GUIDE

变电站设计/应用指南

3. SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT

3. 变电站布置

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1 简介

Substation provides interconnection of transmission circuits and transformation between network of different voltages.

变电站提供传输电路的互连和不同电压网络之间的转换。

The substation is connected to the network through overhead lines. In some cases it may not be possible to make connection to the substation directly by the overhead line and cable entry must be considered. The different configurations are characterized by their busbar arrangements and generally any number of circuits may be provided by repeating the pattern.

变电站通过架空线路与电网相连。在某些情况下，可能无法通过架空线直接连接到变电站，必须考虑电缆连接。不同的配置以其母线布置为特征，通常可通过重复该模式提供任意数量的电路。

Substation generally comprises the following:

变电站一般包括以下部分：

a) Switchgear

a） 开关设备

b) Power Transformers

b） 电力变压器

c) Protection, Control and Monitoring of Equipment

c） 设备的保护、控制和监测

d) Busbars and Bays

d） 母线和间隔

e) Reactive Power Compensation including Harmonic Filters

e） 无功功率补偿包括谐波滤波器

f) Substation Lightning Protection System

f） 变电站防雷系统

g) Substation Earthing System

g） 变电站接地系统

Substation comprises three main components:

变电站由三个主要部件组成：

These are classified as Primary System, Secondary System and Auxiliary Supply System.

这些系统分为一次系统、二次系统和辅助供电系统。

i) Primary System

i） 一次系统

Primary system comprises all equipment which are in service at the nominal voltage system.

一次系统包括在标称电压系统下运行的所有设备

ii) Secondary System

ii) 二次系统

The secondary system comprises all equipment which are used for the control, protection, measurement and monitoring of primary equipment.

二次系统包括用于控制、保护、测量和监测所有一次设备。

iii) Auxiliary Supply System

iii）辅助供电系统

Auxiliary supply system comprises all equipment such as AC supplies and DC supplies that enable protection, control, measurement and monitoring equipment to operate.

辅助供电系统包括使保护、控制、测量和监控设备能够运行的所有设备，如交流电源和直流电源。

a) DC Supply and Distribution Systems – provided to ensure that a secure supply is always available to power protection systems, control equipment and initiate tripping of circuit breakers and comprise:

a） 直流供电和配电系统——用于确保电力保护系统、控制设备和启动断路器跳闸的安全供电，包括：

Batteries – either lead acid or nickel-alkali types at ratings from tens of ampere hours to hundreds of ampere hours at voltages of 30V, 50V, 125V and 250V depending on the application.

电池–铅酸或镍碱类型，额定值为数十安培时至数百安培时，电压为30V、50V、125V和250V，具体取决于选型。

Battery Charger – usually constant voltage, current limited types with boost charge facility to supply standing loads and maintain the battery fully charged whilst the auxiliary AC supply is available.

蓄电池充电器–通常为恒压、限流型，带有升压充电设施，以提供持续负载，并在辅助交流电源可用时保持蓄电池完全充电。

Distribution Board – as the name implies, provides a system of distribution, isolation, and protection for DC supplies to all equipment within the substation.

配电面板——顾名思义，它提供了一个变电站内所有设备直流电源的隔离和保护的配电系统。

b) LVAC Supplies – an auxiliary AC supply and distribution system which supports the operation of the substation by providing power for cooling fan motors, tap change motors, circuit breaker mechanism charging systems and disconnector drives in addition to the normal heating, lighting and domestic loads.

b） LVAC电源–一种辅助交流电源和配电系统，通过为冷却风扇电机、分接开关电机、断路器机构充电系统和隔离开关驱动器以及正常加热、照明和家用负载供电，支持变电站的运行。

3.2 SUBSTATION TYPE

3.2 变电站类型

Substations are classified as two types of substation, i.e. Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) 'open terminal’ substation and Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 'metal clad’ substation.

变电站分为两类，即空气绝缘开关设备（AIS）“开放式终端”变电站和气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）“金属封闭式”变电站。

Open terminal arrangements, as the name suggests, utilizes primary equipment whose terminals are in air. Consequently, large clearances are required between these terminals and earth and between terminals of different phases. As a result, open terminal’ substations occupy relatively large areas of land.

顾名思义，开放式终端布置使用终端在空中的主要设备。因此，这些端子和接地之间以及不同相位的端子之间需要较大的间隙。因此，“开放式终端”变电站占据了相对较大的土地面积。

Metal clad equipment utilizes either solid or gaseous (SF6) insulation to allow phase to earth and phase to phase clearance to be drastically reduced.

金属封闭式设备采用固体或气体（SF6）绝缘，以大幅降低相对地和相间间隙。

The space saving advantages of metal clad equipment can be significant particularly for high voltage substations in large cities where space is difficult to obtain and land is very expensive.

金属封闭式设备的节省空间优势非常显著，尤其是在空间难以获得且土地非常昂贵的大城市中的高压变电站。

metal clad equipment may also be attractive for other reasons, notably visual impact in environmentally sensitive areas and operation in heavily polluted environments.

金属封闭式设备也可能因其他原因而具有吸引力，尤其是在环境敏感区域的视觉影响和在严重污染环境中的运行。

Air insulated substations generally cost less than an equivalent gas insulated substation.

空气绝缘变电站的成本通常低于同等级气体绝缘变电站。

Almost all GIS substations are built indoor. GIS can be easily built underground to avoid any environmental concern. The internal GIS insulation is independent of atmospheric pressure.

几乎所有GIS变电站都建在室内。GIS可以很容易地建在地下，以避免任何环境问题。内部GIS绝缘与大气压力无关。

3.3 SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

3.3 变电站设备

3.3.1 Circuit Breakers

3.3.1 断路器

A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit.

断路器是一种机械开关装置，能够在正常电路条件下接通、承载和断开电流，也能够在规定的异常电路条件下接通、承载规定时间和断开电流，如短路。

As systems have increased in size and complexity, the circuit breaker has been called upon to have better short circuit interrupting performance, to operate faster and to tolerate higher and higher system voltages.

随着系统尺寸和复杂性的增加，断路器被要求具有更好的短路开断性能、更快的动作速度以及承受越来越高的系统电压。

Initially as fault currents increased circuit breakers become more and more complex to achieve the required performance, particularly when 400kV systems with fault currents of up to 63kA were designed.

最初，随着故障电流的增加，断路器变得越来越复杂，以达到所需的性能，特别是当设计故障电流高达63kA的400kV系统时。

Thankfully the introduction of Sulphur hexafluoride interrupters led to a reduction in the number of interrupters required in series for a particular voltage to the point where modern designs of SF6 circuit breaker can meet system requirements with a single interrupter up to 245kV 50kA and up to 420kV 63kA with two interrupters in series.

值得庆幸的是，六氟化硫断续器的引入减少了特定电压所需的串联断续器数量，使现代SF6断路器设计能够满足系统要求，单台断续器高达245kV 50kA，双台断续器串联时高达420kV 63kA。

Under special circumstances, such as when switching capacitor banks for power factor correction or arc furnace switching, where circuit breakers may operate many times a day, replacement may be necessary after a shorter period, or point on wave switching (POW) is needed.

在特殊情况下，例如在切换电容器组进行功率因数校正或电弧炉切换时，断路器可能一天动作多次，在较短时间后可能需要更换，或者需要定点分合（POW）。

Open terminal, phase integrated, dead tank SF6 circuit breaker with porcelain bushings with integral CT accommodation, incorporating puffer type or rotating arc type interrupters and operated by a motor wound spring mechanism.

套管出线、三相共箱、罐式SF6断路器，带有内置式CT，包括气吹和旋弧（磁吹）式断路器，并由电动弹簧机构操作。

Open terminal, phase integrated, dead tank SF6 insulated circuit breaker with vandal resistant composite terminal bushings with integral CT accommodation, incorporating vacuum interrupters and operated by a motor wound spring mechanism.

带防破坏复合套管的出线、三相共箱、罐式SF6断路器，带有内置式CT，包括真空断路器，并由电动弹簧机构操作。

3.3.2 Disconnectors and Earth Switches

3.3.2隔离开关和接地开关

Disconnectors (Isolators) are devices which are generally operated off-load to provide isolation of main plant items for maintenance, on to isolate faulted equipment from other live equipment.

隔离开关是指通常在空载下操作的装置，用于隔离主要开关设备，以便进行维护，将故障设备与其他带电设备隔离。

Open terminal disconnectors are available in several forms for different applications. At the lower voltages single break types are usual with either 'rocker’ type or single end rotating post types being predominant.

敞开式隔离开关有多种形式，可用于不同的场合。在较低电压下，单断口类型通常以“摇臂”类型或单端旋转柱类型为主（不一定翻译准确）。

At higher voltages, rotating center post, double end rotating post, vertical break and pantograph type disconnectors are more common.

在较高电压下，单柱旋转式、双柱旋转式、垂直开折叠式隔离开关更常见（不一定翻译准确）。

Disconnectors are usually interlocked with the associated circuit breaker to prevent any attempt being made to interrupt load current. Disconnectors are not designed to break fault current although some designs will make fault current.

隔离开关通常与相关断路器联锁，以防止试图中断负载电流。隔离开关的设计不是为了切断故障电流，尽管有些设计会产生故障电流。

Most disconnectors are available with either a manual drive mechanism or motor operated drive mechanism and the appropriate drive method must be selected for a particular disconnector in a particular substation, e.g., in a remotely controlled unmanned double busbar substation the busbar selector disconnectors would be motor operated to allow 'on load’ busbar changes without a site visit being required.

大多数隔离开关可配备手动操作机构或电动操作机构，并且必须为特定变电站中的特定隔离开关选择适当的操动方法，例如，在远程控制的无人双母线变电站中，母线选择器隔离开关将由电机操作，以允许“有载”母线变化，而无需进行现场考察。

Disconnector mechanisms incorporate a set of auxiliary switches for remote indication of disconnector position, electrical interlocking and current transformer switching for busbar protection.

隔离开关机构包括一组辅助开关，用于远程指示隔离开关位置、电气联锁和电流互感器开关，用于母线保护。

Earthing switches are usually associated and interlocked with disconnectors and mounted on the same base frame. They are driven by a separate, but similar, mechanism to that used for the disconnector. This arrangement avoids the need for separate post insulators for the earth switch and often simplifies interlocking. Normally earth switches are designed to be applied to dead and isolated circuits and do not have a fault making capability, however special designs are available with fault making capability if required.

接地开关通常与隔离开关关联和联锁，并安装在同一基架上。它们由一个单独但类似于隔离开关的机构驱动。这种布置避免了接地开关需要单独的支柱绝缘子，并且通常简化了联锁。通常情况下，接地开关的设计适用于短路和隔离电路，不具备故障制造能力，但如果需要，可采用具有故障制造能力的特殊设计。

One practical point worth noting is that line or cable circuit earth switches are normally interlocked with the local line disconnector, but reliance is placed on operating procedures to ensure that the circuit is isolated at the remote end before the earth is applied.

值得注意的一个实际点是，线路或电缆回路接地开关通常与本地线路隔离开关联锁，但依赖于操作程序，以确保在接地之前，回路在远端隔离。

3.3.3 Instrument Transformers

3.3.3 测量互感器

a) Current Transformers – The majority of current transformers used in substations are bar (i.e., single turn) primary type but their method of installation varies considerably. In metal clad switchgear they are usually mounted around the insulated connections between circuit breaker fixed connectors and the cable box terminals, whereas in open terminal substations they may be mounted around the bushings of transformers or dead tank circuit breakers.

a） 电流互感器–变电站中使用的大多数电流互感器为条形（即单匝）一次型，但其安装方法差异很大。在金属封闭式开关设备中，它们通常安装在断路器固定连接器和电缆盒端子之间的绝缘连接件周围，而在敞开式终端变电站中，它们可能安装在变压器套管或罐式断路器周围。

b) Alternatively, where live tank switchgear is used, the current transformers are mounted in a form known as the post type current transformer where the secondary windings are fitted into a housing insulated from earth by a hollow support insulator. The secondary windings and leads are insulated from the housing and the secondary leads, also heavily insulated, are brought down to a terminal box at the base of the support insulator.

b） 或者，在使用罐式开关设备（外置CT）的情况下，电流互感器以柱型电流互感器的形式安装，其中二次绕组安装在通过空心支撑绝缘子与地面绝缘的外壳中。二次绕组和引线与外壳绝缘，二次引线（也高度绝缘）向下延伸至支撑绝缘子底部的接线盒。

c) Voltage Transformers – The choice is basically between 'wound’ voltage transformers and 'capacitor’ voltage transformers. Generally, where high accuracy metering standard outputs are required the wound voltage transformer is used and where protection and instrumentation outputs only are required a capacitor voltage transformer is often more cost effective at voltages above 145kV. A further advantage of capacitor voltage transformers is that they can be used to provide coupling facilities for power line carrier systems used for protection, signaling, telemetry or telecommunications.

c） 电压互感器–基本上在“绕线式”电压互感器（电磁式）和“电容”电压互感器之间进行选择。通常，当需要高精度计量标准输出时，使用电磁式电压互感器；当仅需要保护和计量输出时，电容式电压互感器通常在电压高于145kV时更具成本效益。电容式电压互感器的另一个优点是，它们可用于为用于保护、信号、遥测或电信的电力线载波系统提供连接设施。

3.3.4 Power Transformers

3.3.4 电力变压器

In any substation the power transformer is probably the most expensive piece of equipment and one of the most inconvenient to replace or repair, due to the sheer size of the equipment particularly at high voltages.

在任何变电站中，电力变压器可能是最昂贵的设备，也是最不方便更换或维修的设备之一，因为设备的巨大尺寸，尤其是在高压系统中。

Power transformers are usually of the two-winding type. The capacity of the transformers is usually decided by system requirements. Transformers may be designed with all three phases in common tank or as three separate single-phase units.

电力变压器通常为双绕组型。变压器的容量通常由系统要求决定。变压器可设计为所有三相在公共油箱中，或作为三个单独的单相装置。

From the power system operator’s point of view, a transformer is a simple device. Due to economic considerations, a power transformer generally has auxiliary systems which are essential to its effective operation.

从电力系统操作员的角度来看，变压器是一种简单的设备。出于经济考虑，电力变压器通常具有辅助系统，这对其有效运行至关重要。

In the smaller sizes, it is quite common for transformers to have off-circuit tap change facilities, natural air cooling and a minimum of protective devices.

在较小的尺寸中，变压器通常具有非电路分接开关（手动分接）、自然空气冷却和最少的保护装置。

In the larger sizes, transformers are fitted with on-load tap change facilities, forced air or forced air/forced oil cooling and in some cases forced oil/liquid cooling systems.

较大尺寸的变压器配备有载分接开关、强制空气或强制空气/强迫油冷却，在某些情况下还配备强制油/液体冷却系统。

Typically, a transformer designed for ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced) cooling can sustain 65-70% of its ONAF rating without auxiliary supplies, whereas an OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced) transformer can sustain only 50%.

通常，设计用于ONAF（油浸风冷）冷却的变压器可以在没有辅助电源的情况下维持其ONAF额定值的65-70%，而OFAF（强迫油循环风冷）变压器只能维持50%。

For OFLC (Oil Forced Liquid Cooling) transformers the output without cooling maybe as low as 30% of the OFLC rating.

对于OFLC（强迫油循环液冷）变压器，不冷却的输出功率可能低至OFLC额定值的30%。

The on-load tap changer facility will be designed to match the transformer by the transformer designer but typically would have 19 or 21 tap positions with a tap-step of 1-1.5% possibly giving a range of perhaps +10% -20% i.e. the secondary voltage can be maintained constant for a variation of primary voltage from +10% to -20%. The controls and monitoring circuits for tap changers, particularly when operated automatically, can be quite complex requiring output voltage, load current and tap position of associated transformers to be monitored.

有载分接开关设施将由变压器设计师设计为与变压器匹配，但通常有19或21个分接位置，分接步长为1- 1.5%可能给出+10%至-20%的范围，即二次电压可在一次电压从+10%至-20%的变化范围内保持恒定。分接开关的控制和监控电路，特别是自动操作时，可能非常复杂，需要监控相关变压器的输出电压、负载电流和分接位置。

The on-load tap changer is a mechanical switching device and it is usually the tap changer which determines the frequency of maintenance of transformers. After large numbers of operations switching contacts may need to be changed and the oil within the switching chamber be replaced.

有载分接开关是一种机械开关装置，通常是分接开关决定变压器的维护频率。大量操作后，可能需要更换开关触点，并更换开关室内的机油。

Transformers are also protected against excessive temperature as rapid deterioration of insulation can occur if transformers become overheated. The normal method of protection is to monitor the insulating top oil temperature and on large transformers the winding temperature is monitored.

变压器还可防止温度过高，因为如果变压器过热，绝缘会迅速劣化。通常的保护方法是监测绝缘顶部油温，在大型变压器上监测绕组温度。

It is not usual to monitor this directly due to risk of insulation failure with devices embedded in the winding; normally oil temperature is monitored and an additional heating element fed from a current transformer measuring load current is used to simulate the winding 'hot spot’ temperature within the monitoring device.

由于嵌入绕组中的装置存在绝缘故障的风险，因此通常不直接进行监测；通常监控油温，并使用电流互感器提供的额外加热元件测量负载电流，以模拟监控装置内的绕组“热点”温度。

3.3.5 Compensation Equipment

3.3.5 补偿设备

There are several forms of compensative equipment, such as:

补偿设备有几种形式，如：

a) Synchronous Compensators

b) Shunt Reactors

c) Mechanically Switched Shunt Connected Capacitor Banks (MSC)

d) Mechanically Switched Damping Network (MSCDN)

e) Series Capacitor Banks

f) Static Var Compensators (SVC)

a） 同步补偿器

b） 并联电抗器

c） 机械开关并联电容器组（MSC）

d） 机械切换阻尼网络（MSCDN）

e） 串联电容器组

f） 静态无功补偿器（SVC）

3.4 SUBSTATION LAYOUT ARRANGEMENT

3.4 变电站布置

3.4.1 Single Bus

3.4.1 单母线

The simplest electrical arrangement which, without a bus section, has poor service, continuity, no operational facilities and requires a shut down for any extension. It is more common at the lower voltages especially with metal clad switchgear. When fitted with bus section isolators with or without a bus section circuit breaker, the service continuity and operational facilities improve slightly and extensions are possible with only part shut down.

最简单的电气布置，没有母线分段，性能、连续性较差，无备用回路操作，任何扩建都需要停电。在较低电压下更常见，尤其是金属封闭式开关设备。当安装有带或不带母线分段断路器的母线分段隔离刀闸时，服务连续性和停电倒闸性能略有改善，仅需部分关闭即可扩展。

Note that with some circuits (e.g. transformers) the circuit side isolator may be omitted.

注意，对于某些电路（如变压器），可省略出线侧隔离器。

图1：单母线

3.4.2 Double Bus

3.4.2 双母线

A very common arrangement nearly always incorporating a bus coupler circuit and often a bus sectionalizing arrangement. It has very good service continuity and operational facilities and can be extended with little or no shutdown depending upon the physical arrangement.

一种非常常见的布置，几乎总是包含母联回路，通常是母线分段布置。它具有非常好的服务连续性和停电倒闸，并且可以根据物理安排在很少或没有停机的情况下进行扩建。

Note that circuit side isolators may sometimes be omitted as for the Single Bus.

注意，对于单母线结构，有时可省略出线侧隔离刀。

图2：双母线

3.4.3 Double Breaker

3.4.3 双断路器

This is used with double bus arrangements to give improved service continuity. It is normally used only on circuits such as generators where continuity has important economic or operational significance.

这与双母线布置一起使用，以改善服务连续性。它通常仅用于连续性具有重要经济或操作意义的回路，如发电机。

A combination of double breaker and single breaker arrangements may be used with a common set of double busbars.

双断路器和单断路器布置的组合可与一组共用的双母线一起使用。

When all circuits have double circuit breakers, a bus coupler circuit breaker is not essential unless it may be required to function as a section circuit breaker. When there is a combination of double breaker and single breaker arrangements, the bus coupler circuit breaker is again not essential as the double breaker can function as a bus coupler circuit but the increased complexity of the protection, interlocking and operation may make the inclusion of a bus coupler circuit preferable.

当所有电路都有双断路器时，母联回路不是必需的，除非可能需要用作分段断路器。当存在双断路器和单断路器组合布置时，母联断路器也不是必需的，因为双断路器可以用作母联回路，但保护、联锁和操作的复杂性增加，可能使包含母联回路更为可取。

图3：双断路器

3.4.4 Bus Section

3.4.4 母线分段

This is applicable to both single and double bus arrangements and in the latter each bus may be treated differently. The service continuity, operational facilities and possibility of extension without shut down is increased especially when a bus section circuit breaker is included.

这适用于单母线和双母线布置，在后一种布置中，每种母线的处理方式可能不同。特别是当包括母线分段断路器时，服务连续性、停电倒闸和不停电扩建的可能性增加。

The use of two section isolators enables the bus section isolators to be maintained without a complete shut down.

使用两段式隔离可以在不完全停机的情况下维护母线段隔离。

图4：母线分段

3.4.5 Bus Coupler

3.4.5 母联

Apart from providing improved service continuity and improved operational facilities, it has the particular function of enabling the on-load transfer of circuits from one bus to another.

除了提供更好的服务连续性和更好的停电倒闸外，它还具有使电路从一条总线负载转移到另一条总线的特殊功能。

In combination with bus section isolators as in Figure 5, it can be used as a bus section to improve the operational facilities.

与图5所示的母线分段隔离器相结合，它可以用作母线分段，以改善停电倒闸。

With by-pass arrangements, it would also function as the “standby” or “transfer” circuit breaker.

通过旁路装置，它还可以作为“备用”或“转移”断路器。

图5：母联和母线分段隔离

图2：双母线

3.4.6 Double Bus with Transfer Circuit Breaker

3.4.6 含有母联断路器的双母线

This is an arrangement generally only used with metal clad switchgear. It is a method of achieving a double bus arrangement when a double bus design is not available. In practice there are two switchboards – one for each bus, with the outgoing circuits connected. To transfer, the circuit breaker truck is moved from one switchboard to the corresponding circuit, on the other switchboard. Such an arrangement is “off-loaded” transfer. Using a spare circuit breaker truck it may be possible to affect an “on-load” transfer.

这是一种通常仅用于金属封闭式开关设备的布置。当双母线设计不可用时，这是一种实现双母线布置的方法。实际上，有两个开关面板——每条总线一个，输出电路连接。为了转换，断路器支架从一个配电盘移动到另一个配电盘上的相应电路。这种安排是“卸载”转移。使用备用断路器车可能会影响“负载”转移。

图6：含有母联断路器的双母线

3.4.7 Multi-Section Double Bus

3.4.7 双母多分段母线

This arrangement has been used by the CEGB to obtain maximum security of supply with generating stations, one generator being connected to each of the four sections of main bus. The other circuits are distributed to the best advantage between the sections of main bus.

CEGB已采用这种安排，以获得发电站的最大供电安全性，一台发电机连接到主母线的四个部分。其他电路分布在主母线段之间，以获得最佳优势。

Note that there is only one reserve bus divided into two sections.

请注意，只有一条备用总线分为两部分。

Normal operation is with all bus sections closed. With the usual arrangement which is shown in Figure 7 there are only two bus coupler circuits so that on-load transfer of circuits on buses 2 and 3 is only possible when an appropriate bus section is closed.

所有母线分段合闸时，正常运行。按照图7所示的常规布置，只有两个母联回路，因此只有当适当的母线段闭合时，母线2和3上的电路才能进行负载转移。

图7：双母多分段母线

3.4.8 Transfer Bus

3.4.8 转换母线（按小编理解此段为旁路母线）

Sometimes also known as the “Jack Bus”, this is applicable to both single and double bus arrangements and enables a circuit breaker to be taken out of service for maintenance, the circuit then being under the control of a dedicated “transfer” circuit breaker.

有时也称为“插孔母线”（此处不会翻译），它既适用于单母线布置，也适用于双母线布置，可使断路器停止运行进行维护，然后由专用“转换”断路器控制回路。

Note that only circuit area can be transferred at any one time and the transfer isolators are to be interlocked to ensure this.

注意，一次只能转换到出线区域，转换隔离刀闸应联锁以确保这一点。

图8：单母线带旁路母线

图9：:双母线带旁路母线

3.4.9 By-pass

3.4.9 旁路（按小编理解此段为旁路分支）

This is an alternative to the transfer bus and is applicable to both single and double bus arrangements although with the single bus arrangements there is no individual protection for the circuit under by-pass and switching is generally only possible by switching several circuits.

这是转换母线的替代方案，适用于单母线和双母线布置，尽管对于单母线布置，旁路下的回路没有单独的保护，通常只能通过切换多个回路进行切换。

By-pass enables a circuit to continue in operation whilst the circuit breaker is being maintained. Since modern circuit breakers are much more reliable and require less frequent maintenance, the practice of by-pass is rarely used with modern designs.

旁路使回路能够在断路器维护期间继续运行。由于现代断路器的可靠性更高，需要的维护次数也更少，因此旁路的实践很少用于现代设计。

In some designs economies are made by replacing one or more of the isolators with removable connections but this requires a temporary shutdown of the circuit. The physical arrangement of the substation equipment has to be designed that such connections can be removed (or added) without undue difficulty and that all necessary safety clearances can be obtained.

在一些设计中，经济性是通过用可拆卸连接件替换一个或多个隔离刀闸来实现的，但这需要暂时关闭电路。变电站设备的物理布置必须设计为能够在没有过度困难的情况下移除（或添加）此类连接，并且能够获得所有必要的安全间隙。

With the arrangements shown in Figures 10, 11(a) and 11(b), the circuit current transformers are also by-passed with the circuit breaker and the circuit protection is then completely provided by the other current transformers and relays.

根据图10、11（a）和11（b）所示的布置，回路电流互感器也与断路器旁通，然后回路保护完全由其他电流互感器和继电器提供。

(In the case of the double bus, by the bus coupler circuit). Figure 11(c) shows an arrangement using a further isolator where the current transformers are not by-passed and the circuit protection remains in service with the tripping transferred to the bus coupler circuit breaker. (Note that any bus coupler protection would still be capable of operating).

（如果是双总线，则由母联回路提供）。图11（c）显示了使用另一个隔离刀闸的布置，其中电流互感器没有旁路，回路保护保持工作，跳闸转移到母联断路器。（注意，任何母联保护仍能运行）。

图10： 单母线带旁路

图11：双母线带旁路

3.4.10 Mesh

3.4.10 网格

This arrangement is applicable to four or more circuits with rarely more than six. In practice the physical design of the substation provides for an ultimate even number of circuits, though the initial installation may be for an odd number of circuits.

这种布置适用于四个或更多电路，很少超过六个。实际上，变电站的物理设计提供了最终偶数个电路，尽管初始安装可能是奇数个电路。

Note that there can be physical problems in extending a mesh substation if the possibility of future extension was not considered in the initial design stage.

请注意，如果在初始设计阶段未考虑未来扩建的可能性，扩建网状变电站可能会出现物理问题。

The mesh arrangement permits a circuit breaker to be taken out of service without interrupting the supply to a circuit and therefore gives a good continuity of supply. This is only applicable for one circuit breaker. When the mesh has already been broken, the opening of another circuit breaker could cause serious problems in the continuity of supply. Hence the limitation on the number of circuits connected in a mesh arrangement.

网状布置允许断路器在不中断电路供电的情况下停止工作，因此提供了良好的供电连续性。这仅适用于一个断路器。当电网已经断开时，打开另一个断路器可能会导致供电连续性出现严重问题。因此，在网状排列中连接的回路数量受到限制。

Bus zone protection is not applicable to mesh arrangements. If current transformers are provided on each side of the circuit breaker, these would provide discriminative protection for the elements of the mesh as well as protection for the outgoing circuits.

母线区域保护不适用于网格布置。如果在断路器的每侧提供电流互感器，则这些互感器将为电网元件提供区别性保护，并为输出电路提供保护。

图12：网格

图12：含网格开口（翻译不准确）隔离刀闸的网格布置

A more economical variation of the mesh arrangement sometimes used by the CEGB incorporates mesh-opening isolators and is shown in Figure 13. Normally this is applied to a four-switch mesh and a transformer is paired with an overhead line. It is not essential that all sides of the mesh have mesh-opening isolators.

CEGB有时使用的网格布置更经济的变化包括网格开口隔离器，如图13所示。通常，这适用于四开关网，变压器与架空线配对。网格的所有侧面都有网格开口隔离刀闸不是必需的。

When it is required to switch a circuit, the mesh must first be complete before the mesh-opening isolator adjacent to the circuit being switched is opened. The circuit can then be switched by the circuit breaker, the circuit isolated, and the mesh then completed.

当需要切换电路时，必须先完成网格切断，然后才能打开与被切换电路相邻的网格开口隔离刀闸。然后可通过断路器切换电路，隔离电路，然后完成网格。

Under fault conditions both line and transformer are disconnected, the faulty circuit isolated, and the mesh again completed.

在故障条件下，线路和变压器均断开，故障电路隔离，电网再次完成。

END