致中考考生的一封信
Tinso君将在接下来一个月内倾囊奉献,
从词汇、短语/句型、语法着手,
为各位考生奉上满满干货。
语法篇
中考专项小组以近五年中考真题和知名模拟预测试卷为语料库,通过软件智能分析,提炼出中考高频语法(如下图)。
在复合句中,由一个句子充当宾语,这个句子叫做宾语从句。如:
I'm glad that you can come for dinner.
我很高兴你能来吃晚餐。
常见的宾语从句引导词:
that、if、whether、what、who、where、why和how。
三种类型的宾语从句
(1) that在宾语从句中只起连接作用,并不作句子成分,其本身也没有实际意义,在口语或非正式文体中常常省略。如:
She told me (that) she could finish it herself.
她跟我说她可以自己完成。
(2) that引导的宾语从句,其主句的谓语动词多为:know、think、believe、hope、mean;也可用于主句形容词之后,如:certain、sure、glad、afraid、sorry等。如:
He thinks that he can go swimming tomorrow.
他认为他明天能去游泳。
I am glad that you can come for dinner.
我很高兴你能来吃晚餐。
(1) if或whether可引导宾语从句,此时从句部分的语义相当于一个一般疑问句。如:
I want to know if / whether he is our new teacher.
我想知道他是不是我们的新老师。
(2) 连词if和whether意为“是否”,在从句中不充当句子成分,在口语中多用if。如:
Tom wonders if / whether his grandpa will come next week.
汤姆想知道他的爷爷是否下周过来。
一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether:
① 在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn't been decided.
② 在介词后:It depends on whether it is going to rain.
③ 与or not连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.
(1)连接代词和连接副词可引导宾语从句,此时从句部分的语义相当于一个特殊疑问句。如:
We do not know whose pencil this is. 我们不知道这支铅笔是谁的。
(2) 常见的连接代词有:what、who、whom、whose、which;
常见的连接副词有:when、where、why、how等。
(3)连接代词和连接副词有词义,并且在从句中充当句子成分。不可以省略。如:
Can you tell us what they are doing?你能告诉我们他们在做什么吗?
(what在从句中作宾语,意思是“什么”)
(4) 连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句含有疑问语气,但要用陈述句语序。即主语在前、谓语在后。如:
Can you guess whom/who my father is talking with?(√)
Can you guess whom/who is my father talking with?(×)
Can you tell us what they are doing?(√)
Can you tell us what are they doing?(×)
宾语从句的简化
(1) 当主句的谓语动词是hope、decide、wish、agree等时,其后接宾语从句,并且从句主语与主句主语一致时,可以简化成动词不定式结构。如:
Wei Hua hopes that she will be back soon. 魏华希望尽快回家。
→Wei Hua hopes to be back soon.
(2) 当know、learn、remember、forget等动词后接宾语从句,并且从句主语与主句主语一致时,可以简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
I don't know what I should say. 我不知道该说些什么。
→I don't know what to say.
(3) 当tell、learn、show、teach等动词后接宾语从句,并且从句主语与主句的间接宾语一致时,可以简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构。
Could you tell me how I can get there?(句子中的me和I指的是同一个人)
→Could you tell me how to get there? 你能告诉我怎样去那儿吗?
【中考回放】
例1:
— Are you going camping this afternoon?
— A typhoon is coming. I'm not sure ________ the road to the mountains will be closed.(2016年·南京)
A. which
B. what
C. whether
D. why
【考点剖析】
答案:C。空格处句子为宾语从句,此处需填引导词。这里句意是“我不确定通往山上的路是不是封了。”,表示“是否”要用whether引导。答案选C。
例2:
— I'm going to give a talk on the Dragon Boat Festival to the exchange students.
— Great! But don't forget to tell them ________.(2015年·常州)
A. what should they eat at the festival
B. why people enjoy the full moon
C. what kind of race is often held
D. how do people celebrate it
【考点剖析】
答案:C。空格处作tell的宾语,是宾语从句。宾语从句应用陈述句语序,排除A、D。B项是关于中秋节的,与题意(端午节)不符。答案选C。
例3:
I don't care how you do the job. I only care ________ it can be done. Just give me a date!(2017年·无锡)
A. where
B. when
C. what
D. why
【考点剖析】
答案:B。空格处句子作care的宾语,是宾语从句,此处应填引导词。根据后一句句意“给我个时间就行!”可知这里指“我不在乎你怎么做,我只在乎你什么时候做好”,引导词应填when。答案选B
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