相对论：狭义相对论是爱因斯坦在1905年提出的现代物理学理论。按照这种理论，空间和时间都没有独立地绝对价值和存在，相反，它们每一个相对于另一个而存在，这样，古典的空间时间观便由这种理论所取代，即这两者是同一基本实在的不同当面：空间——时间。广义相对论把从考察相互间的均匀相对运动机制的狭义相对论扩大到考察相互间的任意相对运动机制。广义相对论产生于把相对性原理与马赫的原理相结合，前者认为一切自然规律在任何相对运动的参照系框架中都具有同一的形式，而后者认为任何实在论的物理体系的基本描述都必定是封闭的。它取代了牛顿的万有引力理论，并成为我们的引力理论的广泛公认的基础，相对论引发了20世纪物理学的革命，极大地推进了我们对宇宙结构的解释。它的时空理论产生了许多方法论的、形而上学的和认识论的重大问题。
“相对论采取的观点是，存在着世界的纯粹客观的（非相对的）特征，它们独立于任何可随时进来观望的个人而存在。”
——沙赫斯：《相对论的观念》，1974年，第2页。
relativity theory：The special theory ofrelativity is a modern physical theory proposed by Einstein in 1905, accordingto which neither space nor time has an independent absolute value or existence butis each relative to the other. Thus, the classical view of space and time isreplaced by a theory in which the two are aspects of the same underlyingreality: space-time. The general theory of relativity extended the specialtheory from considering frameworks in uniform relative motion to one another toconsidering frameworks in arbitrary relative motion to one another. The generaltheory resulted from combining the principle of relativity, that all laws ofnature must have the same form in any relatively moving frame ofreference, withMach’s principle, that the fundamental description of any realistic physicalsystem must be closed. It replaced Newton’s theory of universal gravitation andis currently the accepted basis for the theory of gravitation. Relativitytheory introduced a revolution in twentieth-century physics and greatlyadvanced our understanding of the structure of the universe. Its space-timetheory gives rise to a variety of important methodological, metaphysical, andepistemological problems.
“The theory ofrelativity takes the view that there are purely objective (non-relative)features of the world that are independent of any individual who might lookin.”
Sachs, Ideas of theTheory of Relativity
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