导言：巴赫目前是一位广为人知的艺术家，但在他被门德尔松发掘之前他生前的人们对他知之甚少。巴赫是个怎样的人？留下的记载并不多，我们在聆听音乐时感受到的是他音乐背后的神性，在今天我们的文章中为大家展开的是巴赫人性的一面。他是个为了听音乐会不惜徒步走上几个月的路甚至旷工请假的人，年少成为孤儿的他为了学习音乐也曾在借着月光誊抄乐谱。巴赫晚年因为手术失误而失明……
10 Interesting Facts About Johann Sebastian Bach
关于巴赫十个有趣的事实
by Jacy Burroughs
1. Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 21, 1685 in Eisenach, Germany in the province of Thuringia. His father, Johann Ambrosius, was a town musician. During this period, music was a trade just like metalwork or shoe making. And for the Bachs, music was the family business, stretching back several generations.
1.约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫于1685年3月21日出生于德国图林根省的艾森纳。他的父亲约翰·安布罗修斯巴赫是一名镇上的音乐家。在这一时期，音乐就像打铁或制鞋一样，是一种行业。对巴赫一家来说，音乐是家族事业，可以追溯到几代人以前。
2. Bach was an orphan by the age of 10. His older brother Johann Christoph took him in. Like his father, Johann Christoph was a musician and had studied organ with the famed Johann Pachelbel (of Canon in D, which you have probably heard at a wedding). Young Johann Sebastian longed to study a score that had been given to his brother by Pachelbel. J.C. kept the score locked away. At night, J.S. would sneak out the manuscript and copy it by moonlight. He did this for six months before he was caught by J.C., who not only took away the manuscript but also J.S.’s copy. J.C. did continue to provide for his younger brother’s musical training.
2.巴赫10岁时就成了孤儿。他的哥哥约翰·克利斯朵夫收留了他。和他的父亲一样，约翰·克利斯朵夫也是一位音乐家，他曾与著名的约翰·帕切贝尔(D大调卡农创作这，你可能在婚礼上听说过这首曲子)学习过风琴。年轻的约翰·塞巴斯蒂安渴望学习帕切贝尔给约翰·克利斯朵夫的乐谱。但他哥哥把乐谱锁起来了。晚上，巴赫会偷偷地把手稿拿出来，然后在月光下照着誊写。在他被他哥哥逮住之前，他这样悄无声息地这么做了六个月，但他的行动曝光后他哥哥不仅拿走了手稿，而且还拿走了他的副本。但他哥哥也确实确实继续为他弟弟的音乐教育提供着经费。
3. As a young boy, Bach had a beautiful soprano singing voice, which helped secure him a spot at the boy’s school When his voice changed, he switched his focus to playing violin and harpsichord.
3.作为一个小男孩，巴赫有一个美丽的唱童声高音的嗓子，这帮助他在吕贝克的男子学校的争取到一个位置，当他变声后，他把他的注意力转向拉小提琴和羽管键琴。
4. In 1705, Bach walked 200 miles from Arnstadt to Lübeck to hear organist Dietrich Buxtehude play. He was only granted four weeks leave from his position as organist in Arnstadt but ended up taking off four months, without permission.
4.1705年，巴赫从安斯达特步行200英里到吕贝克，去听风琴演奏家迪特里希·布克斯泰胡德的演奏。他只被允许从他在安斯达特的管风琴手职位上休假四个星期，但最终在未经允许的情况下休假了四个月。
5. In 1717, Bach accepted a position with Prince Leopold in Cöthen. The Prince was passionate about music and even played the violin. It is no surprise that many of Bach’s great instrumental works, including the Brandenburg Concertos and The Well-Tempered Clavier, came out of the period from 1717-1723 when he was working in Cöthen.
5.1717年，巴赫在塞恩接受了利奥波德王子提供的职位。王子热爱音乐，甚至拉小提琴。巴赫的许多伟大的器乐作品，包括《勃兰登堡协奏曲》和《十二平均律》，都是1717年至1723年他在科腾工作期间创作的。
6. Prince Leopold dissolved his orchestra in 1723, so Bach had to find a new job. He was hired as cantor of the Thomas School at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, a position he held until his death. His duties included serving the four churches in Leipzig, directing music for public events, and teaching music at the Thomas School. During this time, he composed a new cantata once a week and ended up completing five full cycles of church music – different vocal music for every Sunday of the year! He also composed the Matthew Passion, the St. John Passion, the Christmas Oratorio, the Goldberg Variations and the Mass in B Minor.
6.1723年利奥波德王子解散了他的管弦乐队，所以巴赫不得不找到一份新的工作。他受雇于莱比锡圣托马斯教堂的托马斯学校，直到他去世。他的职责包括为莱比锡的四座教堂服务，为公众活动指挥音乐，以及在托马斯学校教授音乐。在这段时间里，他每周创作一次新的圆舞曲，最后完成了五个完整的教堂音乐周期-每年的每个星期天都有不同的声乐！他还创作了《马太受难曲》，《圣诞清唱剧》，《哥德堡变奏曲》还有《b小调弥撒》。
7. Like many composers of his time, Bach wrote in a contrapuntal style. (Counterpoint is the composition of two superimposed independent lines.) However, his style tended to be denser than that of his contemporaries and explored more dissonant harmonies. Where performers were often meant to embellish compositions with ornaments, Bach wrote most of the details out, leaving little room for interpretation.
7.像他那个时代的许多作曲家一样，巴赫用对位法写作。(对位是两个相互重叠的独立旋律线条的组合。)然而，他的音乐风格往往比他的同龄人更复杂，并乐意探索不和谐的和声。在表演者通常用装饰音修饰作品的地方，巴赫创作时把音乐细节部分都展现出来了，几乎没有其他音乐诠释技巧施展的余地。
8. Bach was the father of 20 children. He was married twice. He and his first wife, Maria Barbara, had seven children. He had thirteen children with his second wife, Anna Magdalena. Four children from his first marriage and six from his second marriage survived to adulthood. Of his six sons, only one didn’t become a professional musician.
8.巴赫是20个孩子的父亲。他结过两次婚。他和他的第一任妻子玛丽亚·芭芭拉育有七个孩子。他和他的第二任妻子安娜·马格达莱娜育有13个孩子。他的第一次婚姻中有四个孩子，第二次婚姻中有六个孩子活到成年。在他的六个儿子中，只有一个没有成为职业音乐家。
9. In the 1740’s, Bach’s eyesight began to fail. In the spring of 1750, Bach had an operation on his eyes by a famous oculist named Dr. John Taylor. The operation gave Bach his full eyesight for a very short period and then he became totally blind. On July 28, 1750, Bach suffered a stroke and died.
9.17世纪40年代，巴赫的视力开始下降。1750年春天，巴赫接受了一个名叫约翰·泰勒博士的眼科手术。手术使巴赫在很短的一段时间内完全失明，然后他完全失明了。1750年7月28日，巴赫中风身亡。
10. Bach never left his provincial corner of Germany. When he died, it seemed that most of his music died with him. Little had been published during his life. It was not until 1829 when a young Felix Mendelssohn, only 19 years old, arranged for Bach’s Matthew Passion to be performed in Berlin. Audiences were blown away and a Bach revival began. Now, he is one of the most celebrated composers in history.
10.巴赫从未离开过他在德国的乡间角落。当他去世时，他的大部分音乐似乎都随他而逝了。在他的一生中几乎没有出版过什么书。直到1829年，一个年仅19岁的年轻的费利克斯·门德尔松(FelixMendelssohn)为巴赫编排作品集。《马太受难曲》在柏林演出大受好评，自此巴赫的复兴开始了。现在，他是历史上最著名的作曲家之一。
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