① which常用来指代前面的名词或整个句子的内容，一般情况下，用逗号把它与先行词隔开。先行词指代整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
【考例1】 He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of _________ were published in the 1990s.
(2015重庆)
A. whom B. which
C. them D. that
解析：B。 which指代前文中提到的 children’s books。
【考例2】I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes
from the library last week, _________ my classmates recommended to me.
(2014北京)
A. who B. which
C. when D. where
解析：B。 先行词为the book Sherlock Holmes，从句中recommend后缺少宾语成分，故用关系代词which引导。
② as可以替代which的用法，且as还有下列用法：as从句可放到主句前面，此时从句谓语动词一般为be
announced/expected/known/reported/said/imagined/shown等被动形式；as也可与usually happened/be often the case等一起表示主句所表达的意思是一种习惯性或司空见惯的情况。
【考例1】 There is no simple answer, _________ is often the case in science.
(2013山东)
A. as B. that
C. when D. where
解析：A。as引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句，定语从句部分可译为“在科学上这是常有的事”。
【考例2】 _________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
(2013陕西)
A. It B. That
C. What D. As
解析：D。和其他孩子的常见情况一样，医生到来时艾米好多了。as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前，指代整个主句内容。
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，即把从句中的某一介词或介词短语提到关系代词前。
① 简单介词+关系代词
用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom, 指物时只能用which；介词根据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与其的固定搭配而定；或者根据先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。但是，某些含有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后。
【考例】 He may win the competition, _________ he is likely to get into the national team.
(2013辽宁)
A. in which case B. in that case
C. in what case D. in whose case
解析：A。 他可能会赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话，他就有可能进入国家队。此处which指代前面主句，in which case引导定语从句用来替代并列句中的in this/ that case。
② 表示部分的词语＋of＋关系代词
此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom, 指物的关系代词只能是which。表示部分的词语常见的有：代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, 数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter等。有时也可把表示部分的词放在关系代词的后面。
【考例】 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
(2014天津)
A. all of which B. each of which
C. all of them D. each of them
解析：B。 each表示两者或两者以上中的每一个，which指代前文提到的cultures。
① 先行词为表示地点的名词时，如果从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，引导词常用where，where在从句中充当地点状语。
【考例】 When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _________ I would be staying.
(2013全国卷II)
A. what B. when
C. where D. which
解析：C。定语从句中stay为不及物动词，且不缺主干成分，用关系副词；先行词为house，指地点，故用关系副词where。
② 近年高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂化，由明显的地点转为模糊的地点。当先行词是case, point, stage, situation, position, career, business, activity等表示某人、某物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面的名词，且定语从句中缺少状语时，常用where引导。
【考例1】 Sales director is a position _________ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
(2012重庆)
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
解析：D。句意：销售主管是一个既要求交际能力，又要求销售能力的职位。position为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语。因此，应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。
【考例2】He wrote a letter _________ he explained what had happened in the accident.
(2013江西)
A. what B. which
C. where D. how
解析：C。他写了一封信，在信中他解释了事故中发生的一切。本题中先行词在从句中作状语，表示“在信中”。
① whose在从句中充当定语，既可修饰人也可修饰物。
【考例1】 The books on the desk, _________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
(2015四川)
A．which B. what
C. whose D. that
解析： C。whose限定covers,用形容词性的代词修饰。
【考例2】I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _________ help I would never have got this far.
(2012天津)
A. who B. whose
C. whom D. which
解析：B。句意：我要感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助我不会有今天的成就。who不可放在介词后，help前缺少定语，故用whose修饰help。
② “the+名词+of+关系代词”结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系，口语中常用“whose +名词”代替，非正式文体中可以用“of which the +名词”。
【考例】 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _________ had taken more than three years.
(2011江西)
A. for which B. with which
C. of which D. to which
解析：C。她带领客人参观了博物馆，博物馆的建造工程花费了三年多时间。先行词为museum， the construction of “……的建造”在从句中充当定语，介词用of。
关系代词一般作从句的主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词一般作从句的状语(分别是地点、时间、原因状语)。
【考例1】 Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _________ they live. (2013四川)
A. what B. which
C. when D. where
解析：D。先行词为the environment，定语从句中live为不及物动词，不缺少主干成分，应填关系副词；且先行词environment指地点，故用where (in which)。
【考例2】We live in an age _________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
(2012浙江)
A. why B. when
C. to whom D. on which
解析：B。我们生活在一个这样的时代，可以比以往更容易地得到更多有效的信息。when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，修饰先行词an age(时代)。
① 定语从句中有插入语，具有干扰项，这增加了做题的难度。
② 分隔式定语从句，因先行词与从句被隔开，具有迷惑性，容易选错答案。
③ 定语从句与名词性从句、状语从句及强调句型等在一起混合使用，增加解题的难度。
④ 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。
限制性定语从句删去后，句子明显不完整或很突兀，有时就像病句。非限制性定语从句对主句起到一个补充说明的作用。非限制性定语从句最明显的标志就是有“，”与主句或先行词隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不由that, why引导。
【考例1】Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.
(2012浙江)
A. which B. who
C. where D. whom
解析：B。艾伦是一个以鸟类和大自然为对象的画家，出于某种原因，她已经从所有人类活动中退出。who引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语，指代先行词Ellen。
【考例2】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
(2011陕西)
A. which B. where
C. who D. that
解析：B。句意：我同朋友一起走到山顶，在那儿我们享受湖泊的美丽风景。先行词是top，在此处指地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
【考例3】 The days are gone _________physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
(2011天津)
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
解析：A。句意：体力是你赖以生存的唯一手段的日子已经一去不复返了。修饰先行词days的关系词在从句中充当时间状语，故用when引导分隔式定语从句。
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