被 动 语 态 Passive Voice
英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
被动语态的构成：
be动词＋及物动词的过去分词 （即：be + p.p）
被动语态有人称、数和时态的变化，这些变化是通过be动词的不同形式来表现的。下面是英语9大时态的被动语态的结构。
（1）一般现在时的被动语态：am／is／are＋p.p
The flowers are watered by him every morning.
每天上午花被他浇。
注意：一般情况下，英语的被动语态要按照汉语习惯，翻译成主动语态。即：
他每天上午浇花。
（2）一般过去时的被动语态：was／were＋p.p
This machine tool was made in China.
这个机床是中国制造的。
（3）一般将来时的被动语态：will／shall + be ＋p.p
A new bridge will be built over the river.
河上要建一座新桥。
（4）现在进行时的被动语态：am／is／are being＋p.p
His speech is being translated by an interpreter.
他的发言正在由一位译员翻译成汉语。
（5）过去进行时的被动语态：was／were being＋p.p
The classroom was being cleaned by them at four yesterday afternoon.
他们昨天下午4点在打扫教室。
（6）现在完成时的被动语态：have／has + been＋p.p
Many colleges and universities have been established in our country since 1978.
自从1978年以来，我们国家成立了许多大专院校。
（7）过去完成时的被动语态：had + been＋p.p
Three projects had been completed by us by the end of last year.
截止去年年底，我们已经完成了三个项目了。
（8）过去将来时的被动语态：would／should +be＋p.p
The teacher said that the used books would be given to the students in need.
老师说这些旧书将给那些需要的学生们。
（9）现在完成进行时的被动语态：have / has + been being +p.p
The aliens have been being studied by scientists all over the world.
外星人一直在被世界各地的科学家们研究。
一、被动语态的用法
(1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑昨晚被盗了。(不知谁偷的)
(2) 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：This book was written by him.
这本书是他写的。
二、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1) 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
例如：All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all the people.
(2) 把谓语变成被动结构 (be＋过去分词)
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made by them in the factory.
(3) 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
He wrote the book in 1997.
The book was written by him in 1997.
(4) 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
三、特殊句子的被动语态
（1）双宾语句子如何变成被动语态
英语有些句子含有两个宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。
例如： The crowd gave the guest a warm welcome.
人们热情地欢迎客人。
此句中有两个宾语（双宾语），一个是直接宾语 a warm welcome ；另一个是间接宾语the guest。在变成被动语态时，其中一个宾语要成为主语。在一般情况下，我们多以间接宾语为主语，直接宾语留在原位。
例如：The guest was given a warm welcome by the crowd.
但是，如果重点在直接宾语，直接宾语便要变成被动语态的主语，如：
We will offer any capable applicant a competitive salary.
我们将提供给任何合格的申请者一个具有竞争力的薪水。
变成被动语态就成了：
A competitive salary will be offered to any capable applicant.
（2）名词性从句如何变成被动语态
“People generally feel that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”
人们通常人们社会工作者在给民众提供有价值的服务。
这句子可以“it”作为主语，然后，把名词分句移到句子后面：
“It is generally felt that social workers are offering valuable services for the public.”
另一种变法是把名词性从句的主语转为被动句的主语；把名词分句的动词变成动词不定式：
“Social workers are generally felt to be offering valuable services for the public.”
（3）若感官动词宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。
如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom. （主动）
老师让我走出了教室。
I was made to go out of the classroom. （被动）
We saw him play football on the playground. （主动）
我们看见他在操场上打篮球。
He was seen to play football on the playground. （被动）
（4）let 的用法
a. 当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
例如：They let the thief go. （主动）
他们放走了小偷。
The thief was let go. （被动）
b. 若let 后的宾语补足语较长，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit。
例如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
护士让我去探望医院的同学。
I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
（5）短语动词是一个整体，不能丢掉后面的介词或副词。
例如：This is a photo of the power station that has beenset up in my hometown.
这是建在我家乡的电厂的照片。
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
奶奶将照料我的妹妹。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这种事情以前从未有所耳闻。
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