Why do we struggle so much to understand and admit to the limits of our knowledge?
为什么人在理解和承认我们知识的局限性时会如此挣扎呢？
Social media often feels like it's full of people offering confident opinions on things they really know little about.
社交媒体经常给人的感觉是——到处都是对自己知之甚少的事情发表自信意见的人。
But what fuels this overconfidence and are we all susceptible to it?
但是，是什么助长了这种过度自信呢？我们都容易受到它的影响吗？
The Dunning-Kruger effect is that when you lack knowledge or expertise, you're not in a position to realize that you lack knowledge and expertise.
邓宁-克鲁格效应是指当你缺乏知识或专业技能时，你就无法意识到自己所缺乏的那部分知识和专业技能。
And the reason this happens is because often the expertise you need to come to a correct decision is exactly the same expertise you need to be able to evaluate whether or not that is the right decision.
之所以会发生这种情况，是因为通常情况下，做出正确决定所需要的专业知识和你评估这个决定是否正确所需要的专业知识是完全相同的。
One thing to recognize is that the Dunning-Kruger effect sooner or later is inevitable.
需要认识到的一点是，邓宁-克鲁格效应迟早是不可避免的。
It'll happen to all of us; we all have pockets of incompetence; we all make errors; and those are the moments we step into the effect and don't know that we're stepping into the effect.
它会发生在我们所有人身上；我们都有不称职的地方；我们都会犯错误；这些就是我们受其影响的时刻，但我们不知道我们正在受到它的影响。
People often assume that people deny their incompetence because they're in denial.
人们通常认为别人否认自己的无能是因为他们拒绝承认自己出了问题。
They know it's there but they don't want to admit it's there either to you or to themselves.
他们知道问题就在那里，但他们不想承认它的存在，无论是对你还是对他们自己。
Actually what our work suggests is that our errors are simply invisible to us.
事实上，研究表明，我们根本看不到自己的错误。
Now the Dunning-Kruger effect is a part of the ingredient in this mix and this stew of intellectual humility and the need for intellectual humility.
邓宁-克鲁格效应是这一混合因素的一部分，这一混合因素是理智上的谦逊和对理智谦逊的需求。
So the work that I do does suggest that we should be a little bit more intellectually humble, if we truly want to know sometimes it means recognizing when we don't know.
所以根据我所做的研究，我们应该在理智上更谦逊一些，如果我们真的想知道某些事情，有时这就意味着要意识到我们对这件事并不了解。
So how does intellectual humility connect with our intelligence?
那么，理智上的谦逊与我们的智力有什么联系呢？
Could it be playing a part in how we acquire knowledge or the way in which we perceive just how smart we really are?
它是否会影响我们获取知识的方式，或者影响我们感知自己究竟有多聪明？
What we found is that intellectual humility was predictive of people's ability to discriminate between real and fictitious items on this assessment, meaning that people who are more intellectually humble had more general knowledge.
我们发现，理智谦逊可以预测人们在评估中区分真实和虚构项目的能力，这意味着理智上更谦逊的人拥有更广泛的知识面。
So when people were lower in intellectual humility, they were more likely to claim knowledge that they didn't have.
所以，当人们在理智上不够谦逊时，他们更有可能坚信自己并不知道的知识。
And so even though we saw in the first study that intellectual humility wasn't related to general cognitive ability, it did seem to relate to how much knowledge people possess.
因此尽管我们在第一项研究中看到，理智上的谦逊与一般认知能力无关，但它似乎确实与人们拥有多少知识有关。
If intellectual humility is linked to acquiring knowledge, could it be a key component to making humans smarter?
如果理智谦逊与获取知识有关，那么它会是使人类更聪明的关键因素吗？
Interestingly, one of the obstacles to intellectual humility can actually be the way in which we perceive and understand human intelligence.
有趣的是，理智谦逊的障碍之一实际上可能是我们感知和理解人类智慧的方式。
On one end of the spectrum, people believe that intelligence is a fixed trait, that you get a certain amount of it and that's that.
一方面，人们认为智力是一种固定的特质——你得到了一定程度的智力，也就这么多了。
On the other end of the spectrum, people believe that intelligence is malleable, that you can grow and improve your intelligence through hard work and effort.
另一方面，人们认为智力是可塑的，通过努力学习，你可以提高智力。
If we perceive that intelligence is something that can't grow, and that we either have it or we don't, it's harder for us to have intellectual humility.
如果我们认为智力是一种不可增长的东西，要么有，要么没有，那么我们就很难在理智上保持谦逊。
Adopting a growth mindset can help us foster intellectual humility because when we move into this idea that intelligence can be developed, that we can get smarter and learn, which is all part of the growth mindset, it opens us up to being intellectually humble, to admitting everything that we don't yet know, and to correcting ways that we might have gone wrong.
采用成长型思维模式可以帮助我们培养理智谦逊，因为当我们相信智力可以发展的时候，我们就可以变得更聪明，更愿意学习，这都是成长型思维模式的一部分，它让我们在理智上变得谦逊，承认我们所不知道的一切，纠正我们可能犯的错误。
I think intellectual humility could have a huge impact on society, and what we're seeing from the research so far is that people who are more intellectually humble have more favorable views of people who disagree with them; they're more open to negotiating and compromising; they're more open to exploring information and especially information that is in conflict with what they currently believe.
我认为理智谦逊可以对社会产生巨大的影响，我们从目前的研究中发现，在思想上更谦逊的人会对与自己意见相左的人有更多的好感；他们更愿意谈判和妥协；他们更愿意探索信息，尤其是那些与他们目前的想法相冲突的信息。
One of the things about the Dunning-Kruger effect is that it arises when people are left to their own devices, when they're the ones trying to judge their judgment.
邓宁-克鲁格效应的一个特点是，当人们任由自己自行其是，试图评判他人的判断时，这种效应就会出现。
That's when they get into trouble.
这就是他们遇到麻烦的时候。
So the important thing I think is also to seek out opinions of other people we may not like them, but they may enlighten us.
所以我认为最重要的是去征求其他人的意见，我们可能不喜欢他们，但他们可能会启发我们。
If we want to make big discoveries, it's going to require us to wade into the unknown and really come to grips with everything that we don't yet understand.
如果我们想取得重大发现，就需要我们涉入未知领域，真正抓住所有我们还不了解的一切问题。
Intellectual humility can help us make progress in that direction.
理智的谦逊可以帮助我们朝着这个方向前进。
Of course I believe that, but I could be wrong.
我当然相信我自己的想法，但我也可能是错的。
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