生态系统服务的概念：一种新的“世界语”，促进参与式规划？

来源：LandscapeEcology 2019-01-14

中文摘要

背景：虽然有一些案例研究调查了生态系统服务在参与式规划过程中的作用，但是却没有针对大量实验案例进行系统的总结，从而确定利用生态系统服务在参与式规划中的影响。

目标：本研究探讨了生态系统服务定义的潜在作用，作为一种跨学科边界的概念(即“新世界语”)促进了行动者的概念和想法融入到规划目标中。

方法：我们分析了11个研究案例，用来探索生态系统服务的概念是如何促进参与式规划过程的，并且从成功的应用案例中汲取经验。我们结合语境和方法标准对这些案例进行了描述。为了检测生态系统服务的概念在参与式规划中的成功与否，每一个案例都通过编码记分卡方法 (codified score card method) 进行评估。我们通过平衡计分卡方法(balanced score card method) 的结果，比较了案例研究标准。

结果：我们发现将生态系统服务概念应用到参与式规划是有积极作用的，这些积极作用包括：促进了知识共享和对当地实践的考虑，支持共同的愿景，提高当地行为者对其作为生态系统服务供应者或受益者作用的认识。而至于其缺点，我们也明确了在此过程中过分强调特定生态系统产品或服务的风险。

结论：通过提供一些建议，我们对加强相关问题的未来实践进行了总结，例如沟通交流，当地知识的利用以及将生态系统服务纳入现有法律文书。

Title

The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes?

Abstract

Context:  Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of empirical cases to identify the implications of using ecosystem services in participatory planning.

Objectives:  This study explores the potential of the ecosystem services concept to act as a boundary concept (‘‘new Esperanto’’) to facilitate the integration of actors’ perceptions and objectives into planning goals.

Methods:  We analyzed eleven case studies to explore how the ecosystem services concept has been operationalized to support participatory planning processes, and to identify lessons from successful applications. We characterized the case studies according to contextual and methodological criteria. Each case study was assessed through a codified score card method in order to detect success or failure criteria in using the ecosystem services concept in participatory planning. We compared the case study criteria with the results of the balanced score card method.

Results:   We identified several positive effects of applying the ecosystem services concept in participatory planning, including the facilitation of knowledge sharing and consideration of local experiences, the support towards a shared vision, and the increased awareness among local actors concerning their role as ecosystem services suppliers or beneficiaries. Among the drawbacks, we identified the risk of overemphasizing specific ecosystem goods or services during the process.

Conclusion:  We conclude by providing some recommendations to enhance future practice related to issues such as communication, use of local knowledge and integration of ecosystem services in existing legal instruments.

小编点评：

生态系统服务作为连接自然生态系统和人类福祉的桥梁，运用于规划时可以同时考虑生态系统过程和人类活动。如果生态系统服务的概念能够得到很好的运用，它可以通过在规划参与者中找到一种共同语言来帮助克服参与式规划过程中的障碍。但是在参与式规划过程中使用生态系统服务概念的潜在挑战的问题在于要求过于复杂，不符合规划应用，并且可能在实践中被误解。该篇文献通过平衡计分卡(Balanced score card, BSC)的方法分析了11篇案例研究。

大家可能对平衡计分卡(BSC)比较陌生，小编在这里介绍一下。平衡计分卡从产生到现在不过30年的时间，但却成为了当今最为火爆的管理工具，随后也用于设计。其反映了财务与非财务衡量方法之间的平衡，长期目标与短期目标之间的平衡，外部和内部的平衡，结果和过程的平衡，管理业绩和经营业绩的平衡等多个方面。所以能反映组织综合经营状况，使业绩评价趋于平衡和完善，利于组织长期发展。

但是平衡计分卡的运营也有一定的难度，主要表现在：1.实施难度大；2.指标体系的建立较困难；3.指标数量过多；4.各指标权重的分配比较困难；5.部分指标的量化工作难以落实；6.实施成本大。

原文信息: Marcin Spyra; Janina Kleemann; Nuket Ipek Cetin; Cesar Jesús Vázquez Navarrete; Christian Albert; Igone Palacios-Agundez; Ibone Ametzaga-Arregi; Daniele La Rosa; 

Daniel Rozas-Vásquez; Blal Adem Esmail; Paolo Picchi; Davide Geneletti; Hannes J. König; HongMi Koo; Leena Kopperoinen; Christine Fürst. (2018). The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes? Landscape Ecology, 1-21.

原文链接: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10980-018-0745-6