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常用英语词语辨析105组(3)


41.too much与much too
  二者都表示“太”,“非常”之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,但不可修饰动词。It's much too cold.天气实在是太冷了。too much作“太多”讲有以下三种用法。
  ①作名词词组,如:You have given us too much.你给我们的太多了。

  ②作形容词词组修饰不可数名词,如:Don't drink too much wine.不要饮太多的酒。

  ③作副词词组修饰不及物动词,如:She talks too much.她说话太多。

  42.rather与fairly
  两词都可作“相当地”,“颇有几分”讲。其主要区别如下:
  ①fairly主要与“令人有愉快感”的形容词或副词连用,如:good, bravely, well, nice等。而rather作此意解时,则用于“令人不愉快”的形容词或副词,如:bad, ugly等。如:Tom is rather lazy, but John is fairly diligent.汤姆很懒惰,而约翰却相当勤奋。

  ②如果一个单数名词有形容词修饰,不定冠词须放在fairly前面,而rather却是放前放后皆可。如:This is a fairly interesting book.这是一本很有趣的书。This book is rather an interesting one.(同前)

  ③有些词本身无所谓“令人愉快”或“不愉快”之意,如:fast, show, hot, cold等,说话人则可用fairly来表“赞许”,用rather来表示“不以为然”。

  ④fairly往往表示“恰到好处,恰当”,而rather含有“太过分,有过之”之意。试比较:This book is fairly easy for you to read.(正好合适你读。) This book is rather easy for you to read.(太简单以致不合适了)

  ⑤rather还可用在alike, like, similar, different等词和“有”前,此时含义是“有点儿”或“稍微”之意。如:The weather was rather worse than I had expected.这天气比我所预料的要糟糕些。

  43.lively, living与alive
  ①lively adj. 生动的,活泼的,可作定语或表语。如:What lively colours!多么鲜艳的颜色啊! she is a lively girl.她是个活泼的姑娘。

  ②living adj. 活着的,健在的;n. 谋生,生计。如:living things生物;make a living谋生;earn one's living谋生度日;That man is still living.那人还健在(在世)。

  ③alive adj. 活的,活着的,表语性形容词,一般可与living互换。若作定语,要放在所修饰的词之后。如:That man is not dead, he is still alive.(=he is still living.)那人没死,他还活着。He is the greatest musician alive.他是活着的最伟大的音乐家。

  44.instead of, in place of与take the place of
  ①instead of是介词短语,意思是“代替”,“而不是”,作介词短语后接名词、动名词和宾格代词;作连词短语后接不定式(一般不省略to),谓语动词、形容词、副词和介词短语等。如:John will attend the meeting instead of his manager.约翰将代替经理出席这次会议。You should have some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.你应多锻炼身体,不要整天呆在家里。The temperature has risen up instead of fallen down.温度上升了而并没有下降。This is dull instead of interesting.这不但没趣,反倒枯燥。

  ②in place of介词短语“代替”,通常后接名(代)词,可与instead of互换。如:People often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.人们常用塑料来代替木材和金属。但instead of sb./sth.可略去介词of及其宾语,而in place of通常不能将其省略。

  ③take the place of动词词组,“代替”(职务,工作等),如:Most scientists agree that computers can't completely take the place of humans.大多数科学家认为,计算机并不能完全代替人。作“代替”解时,不可将the去掉或改换为one's,那样会引起歧义,要注意区分。

  45.pain, ache和hurt
  这三个词都和疼痛有关。ache和pain多作名词,hurt只能作动词。ache指“(人)身体疼痛”,往往用于持续的疼痛或因一些小病引起的感觉,常指“局部的”疼痛。back(背)、ear(耳)、head(头)、heart(心)、stomach(胃)、tummy(肚)、tooth等词与ache构成复合词,表示身体部位的疼痛。如果指身体其他部分之疼痛则用pain或ache表示,如:a pain /ache inmy foot脚痛。单数ache可与不定冠词连用,也可以不用不定冠词,如:He has got an ache in his foot.他脚痛。He has aches on his back.他背上痛。ache也可作动词,如:I ache all over.我全身疼痛。My head aches.我头痛。pain指“肉体或精神上的痛苦、悲痛”,比ache要严重些,如:She is in great pain.她深为痛苦。The boy broke his arm and cried with pain.那个男孩摔断手臂,痛得大叫。pain也可以当及物动词,指“使痛苦”,如:My foot is still paining me.我的脚还在痛。

  aches and pains指“疼痛”,如:I have aches and pains all over.我全身疼痛。hurt只作动词,可以指“(使)受伤,(使)疼痛,伤害”,如:He hurt his back when he fell.他跌倒时伤了背部。He was badly hurt in this traffic accident.在这起交通事故中,他受了重伤。Did you hurt yourself?你弄伤自己了吗?hurt也可以指“伤害(某人的感情);使伤心”,如:My feelings were hurt when he didn't ask me to the party.他没邀请我参加宴会,我很伤心。hurt还可以指“受损伤、有害、有不良影响”,如:It won't hurt to wait a bit longer.再等一会儿(对你)没有什么关系。Some Chinese big companies have seen their business hurtby NATO's air strike on Yugoslavia.一些中国的大公司看到了他们的生意因北约空袭南斯拉夫而受损。

  46.before long和long before
  before long和long before形式构成上相差不大,但其意义差别较大,也导致了它们在决定句子时态上的差异。before long“不久”,句子时态用将来时。如:This park will be open again before long. 这个公园不久将重新开放。Our school will have a lot of new computers beforel ong. 我们学校不久将会有大批的新电脑。long before “很久以前”,句子时态用过去时。如:Long before I received an E-mail from my American friend Mary. 很久以前,我收到美国朋友玛丽的一封邮件。

  47.lonely和alone
  二者都可表示“孤独”,“独自”这一意思,alone指客观存在的“孤独”,而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞”。如:I went alone. 我是一个人去的。Mary lived alone,but she didn't feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤独!

  48.ill和sick
  ill有病的,常用作表语,如:You look ill these days. 近来你的气色不太好。I fail ill. 我生病了。?sick有病的,既可作表语又可作定语,如:a sick man 病人;Mary has been sick for three weeks. 玛丽已生病了三周。?sick也可表示“恶心的,呕吐的”,用作表语,如:I feel sick. 我觉得要呕吐;I am sick in the car. 我晕车。

  49.happen,take place与occur
  happen 常常有“偶然”的意思,多用于客观事物、情况的发生。例如:Whatever has ha ppened to your arm?It's all swollen.你的手臂怎么了?肿得好历害。

  occur 指有计划使某些事或效果“发生”。有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉中。例如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it?你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话?

  在以具体事物、事件作主语时,happen和occur可以通用。例如:The accident happened (occurred) yesterday.事故是昨天发生的。

  take place 指事件发生,但常用来表示“举行”的意思,带有非偶然性。例如:The mee ting took place last night.会议昨晚举行。

  50.apart from,besides,except for与except
  apart form作“除……以外(= besides)”,作“只是,除掉(=except for)”,例如: Apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除体育外,我课外的其他 爱好是音乐。/Apart from the location,we like everything about the project.这个 设计的各方面我们都喜欢,只是位置不太好。

  besides意为“尤进一层;除……之外还有”,例如:I know nothing besides what I'v e told you.除了我对你讲过的之外,我别无所知。

  except for 亦作 but for,意为“除……外”,例如:Except for your presence, I wo uld be bored.若没有你在这里,我会感到厌烦。

  except“除去,除……之外”,意味着从整体里“减去”一部分。例如:They all went except David.除了大卫,他们都去。

51.in the case of,in case of与in case
  in the case of:as for; in a particular occasion of 至于;就……而言
  例:a.Most of the students are very diligent, but it's different in the case of Mary.大多数学生很勤奋,但就玛丽而言却不是这样。b.In the case of the population.China is the largest county in the world 就人口而言,中国是世界上最大的国家 c.In the case of a physical change no new substance is formed.就物理变化来说,没有新的物质产生
  in case of: for fear that sth. should happen; if sth. should happen 以防;万一 例:a.In case of rain, you'd better take an umbrella.你最好带把雨伞,以防下雨。
  b. In case of fire, dial 119.如果发生火灾,拨打电话119。in case:if,for fear that如果,以防
  例:a.In case he comes,let me know.如果他来的话,告诉我一声。 b.Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.带上雨伞,以防下雨。
  52.relationship与relation
  relationship和relation都是指人或事物之间的联系。relationship指人时含义是有着很深感情的紧密关系,如:her relationship with her husband;这两个词都可以指相互关照、互为依赖的事物,如:the relation/relationship between temperature and humidity温度和湿度的关系。如果指人和组织之间的一种比较正规或松散的关系,就多用relations,如:The local community has good relations with the police. / Relations betweenour countries are improving. comrade同志,志同道合者,显然不对。
  53.recall与remind
  recall和remind 容易混淆,也是经常出现的考点,它们的区别如下:
  ① recall,bring (sth/sb) back into the mind,recollect 使想起,使回忆?
  例如: I can't recall his name. 我想不起他的名字?
  She recalled that he had left early. 她回忆起他已经早早走了。
  ② remind,inform (sb) of a fact,or tell(sb) to do sth he may have forgotten,提醒……要做
  例如: Do I have to remind you yet again?还要我再一次提醒你吗?
  Travellers are reminded that malaria tablets are advisable. 旅客被提醒最好服用防虐疾病药片。
  54.due to, owing to与thanks to
  目前普遍认为due to与owing to为同义词,但用法不同。
  due to可用在be之后,如:His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway.她迟到是因高速公路上车辆过多所致。
  due to也可用作状语,而owing to只用作状语,如:He was late owing to /due to the very heavy traffic.因交通拥挤,他迟到了。
  due to可直接用在名词后:Accidents due to driving at high speed were very commonthat weekend.在那个周末因高速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。
  thanks to相当于“on account of; because of因为”,多用于褒义。
  55.habit,practice与custom
  这组名词一般含义为“习惯”
  habit指个人的“习惯”,通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法,如:I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。
  practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”,这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法。On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.在另一方面,一想到用动物油煎马铃薯,你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里,这是为大家接受的通常习惯。I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice.我饭后喝咖啡,这是我的习惯。
  custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义,此外,custom 还包含这样一层意思:长期而广泛采用的行为或方法,即风俗习惯,按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范,它不仅有指导意义,而且具有必须遵循的意义。Don't be a slave to custom. 不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。It is difficult to get used to another country's custom.要适应另一个国家的风俗习惯是很困难的。
  56.method, manner与way
  这组词的一般含义是“方式”或“方法”。
  method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序,也可以指抽象概念“条理,规律”。例如:We must get some method into our office filing.我们必须把公文归档工作弄出些条理来。
  manner主要表示个人喜欢采用的方式,与mode意义相近,但mode更为正式。而且manner不用于表示传统或习俗所形成的方式方法。例如:I don't object to what she says, but Is trongly disapprove of her manner of saying it.我不反对她说的话,但她说这话的方式我很反感。Do it in a businesslike manner.要郑重其事做这事。
  way 常常出现在固定词组中,故使用频率很高,虽然在不少含way的词组中,way的意思相当于method, mode,或manner,但只用way,这是约定俗成的。例如:Civilized man like such a way of living.文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。She smiled in a friendly way.她友好地笑了笑。
  57.damage, destroy与ruin
  都含“破坏”、“毁坏”的意思。damage 指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等, 不一定全部破坏, 损坏了还可以修复”例: The heavy rain damaged many houses.大雨毁坏了许多房子。destroy 指“彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复”例: That town was destroyed in a big fire.那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。ruin现在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的“弄坏了”例: He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄脏了。
  58.at last, in time, finally与in the end
  这几个词语都有“终于”或“最后”的意思。at last 强调久等之后 例: a. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of special type of grass?seed which would grow quickly.在火终于被扑灭的时候,森林管理局订购了好几吨特殊速生草籽。b. When the dentist at last removed the cotton wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth.在牙科医生终于把药棉从我嘴中取出时,我才勉强地告诉他说,他把牙拔错了。c. At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California.消防队员终于扑灭了加利福尼亚州的一场森林大火。in time 表示经过一段不定的时间之后例: a. In time, all Sam?s money was paid back in this way.山姆所有的钱终于都用这种办法归还了。b. You will learn how to do it in time.这项工作你最终总能学会做的。注:in time 还有“及时”的意思。
  finally 也表示久等之后,但有时表示在一系列因素的最后一个之后。例: a. After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Greece.推迟了三次度假之后,我们终于在希腊度了假。b. We need to increase productivity. We need to reduce unemployment. And finally, we need to make our exports competitive on world markets.我们需要增加生产率,减少失业率,最后我们需要使我们的出口产品在国际市场上具有竞争力。in the end 和 finally 同义,但 finally 一般位于谓语前。这些词除 finally 之外,其他三个都可以用在谓语前,也可位于谓语后。例: a. In the end, we stay at home and look after everything.最后,我们还是呆在家里照看着一切。b. He tried many ways of earning, in the end he became a farm labourer.他试过许多谋生之道,最后他做了农场工人。
  59.delay, postpone与put off
  均含“推迟”、“延期”、“延缓”的意思。delay 指“暂时阻挠或阻挡, 稍后可再继续进行”例:The steamer was delayed by bad weather.汽轮因天气不佳而延期。postpone是正式用语, 语义较强, 指“有意识地延至将来某一特定时间”, 在多数情况下, 后面说明改在何时进行 例:The meeting has been postponed to Friday.会议推迟到星期五举行。put off与postpone大致同义, 但较通俗口语化 例:Let?s put this off till some other time.我们还是把这搁一搁, 以后再说吧。
  60.attempt与try
  它们的一般含义是致力于可能成功也可能失败的某件事。attempt 的含义是去做自己希望会成功的事,常常包含冒险的意义。例:a. It will be a long time before any landing on Mars can be attempted试图在火星上着陆是一件遥远的事。b. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. 一年多的时间过去之后,才作了首次尝试。
  try 比 attempt 普通得多。在口语中使用 try 比使用 attempt 显得浅近通俗。但这两个词有着明显的差异。try 表示试一试,意即欲证明或检验某件事,这是attempt 所不能表达的。在表示致力于某事时,try 并不包含冒险的意思。例:a. You can try on the new coat. 这件新上衣,你可以试一试。b. I tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton wool.我想说句话,但我嘴里塞满了药棉。

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