动词种类与基本形式
一、动词的分类
按照动词在句中的作用,英语动词可分为四类;实义动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。
1、实义动词(行为动词)
实义动词(行为动词)说明动作或状态,能独立作谓语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
She types fast.她打字速度很快。He studies in this school.他在这所学校学习。
(1)及物动词
及物动词必须接宾语,才能有完整的意思,这可以有三种情况;
① 动词 宾语 Her father enjoys warm tea very much in summer.她的父亲夏天非常爱喝热茶。
② 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语Did he give you a present yesterday? May I ask you aquestion?
③ 动词 宾语 宾补They call her 'Little Li' They elected Bush president.他们选布什当总统
(2)不及物动词
不及物动词本身有完整的意思其后不需要跟宾语。例如:
His mother works in a hospital. She stayed at home yesterday.
有些动词有时用作及物动词,有时用作不及物动词,词义有时相同,有时不同。
When did your father leave Beijing? He left yesterday.
*记住下面这些可带双宾语的动词
buy, bring, build, cook, cut, draw, find, hand, get, leave, lend,make,offer,pay, pass, read,return, show, sell, tell, teach, write等。
*记住下面带宾补的动词
① 要求名词作宾补的动词call,name, make, leave, think等。
② 要求形容词作宾补的动词want, keep, find, get, paint, turn, cut等。
2、连系动词
连系动词本身有意义,但不能在句子中单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,如be, seem, look, become, get, appear, remain, feel,sound等。He is a lawyer. She looks very beautiful.
3、助动词
助动词本身没有意义,只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,表示否定,疑问等结构中的谓语动词。常用的助动词有:shall, will,have, should, would, do, be等。
I don't know where he is.(否定句)
Do you have a dictionary with you? (疑问句)
I have been to Shanghai twice.(现在完成时)
There will be a meeting tomorrow morning.(一般将来时)
4、情态动词
情态动词表示说话人在能力、必要、义务或猜测等方面的语气或态度,有自已的词义,但不能单独作谓语动词,必须和动词原形一起构成谓语动词,没有人称和数的变化。如:can, may, must, would, should, need, dare, might, used to 等。
She can speak English fluently.她能流利和说英语。
You may take the book with you if you like.如果你喜欢,可以把这本书拿走。
Need we hand in our exercise-books before class?我们需要在上课前交练习本吗?
There must be a mistake.准是弄错了。
You shouldn't do that.你不应该做那件事。
情态动词二要点
动词原形跟后面,说话语气较委婉。can表“能力”,may“许可”, must“责任或义务”, 否定回答needn't 换;“需要”need, dare“敢”,should“应该”,would“愿”,have to“被迫”表客观。
二、动词的基本形式
英语的动词变化较为复杂,通过其本身词形的变化和与助动词及情态动词的连用,表示不同的时态、语态及语气。多数动词的基本形式有四种:现在式;过去式;过去分词;现在分词。
1、现在式:动词的现在式即动词原形(如:meet, do, like等),用于祈使句、不定式的时态中的一般现在时,但碰到单数第三人称时,需要在动词原形词尾加-s(其构成法与名词复数的构成法及读单相同,如meets, does, likes, studies。Ilive in the center of the town.我住在市中心。
He often goes to school by bus.他经常乘公共汽车上学。
Sometimes they play basketball in the weekends. 有时他们在周末打篮球。
2、过去式:过去式主要用于过去时(不因人称和数而弯化),有规则和不规则两种变化。
多数动词都是规则动词,在动词原形之后-ed构成过去式(和过去分词),如:liked, studied。
不规则动词的变化则应特别记忆(或查不规则动词表),如:met did。
I went home at half past five yesterday.
I was gald to receive you letter of 16 th May.
3、过去分词:与hava或had构成完成时态,与be构成被动时态。构成情况与过去式相同。
developed countries发达国家
boiled 开水
frozen冷冻食品
spoken English英语口语
Tom has already passed this exam. She said she had borrowed a new book.
4、现在分词:一般情况在词尾加-ing looking,walking
以不发音的字母e结尾的,去掉e后再加-ing,make-making,lose-losing
以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing
run-running, get-getting, begin-beginning
现在分词的作用是,可与be构成进行时,或用作形容词或动名词。
developing countries 发展中国家
boiling water 沸腾的水
freezing wind 刺骨的寒风
I heard the senior students singing in the hall. My father was cooking when I got home yesterday.
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