《诗经》不是普通的诗歌总集，而是主要用于周代典礼仪式的乐歌文本，它承载了先秦的文化制度、文化习俗。从文化的角度研究《诗经》,是《诗经》学的重要课题。《诗经》作品既反映了周代贵族的礼乐文化，也反映了早期的物质文化以及中原地区的农业文明，还反映了上古时代的民俗文化。本文将从礼乐文化、物质文化、民俗文化三个角度，梳理20世纪西方汉学界在《诗经》文化研究上的进展。
一、 《诗经》礼乐文化研究
自东汉郑玄以礼说《诗》以来，中国古代学者对《诗经》礼乐背景的讨论，有深厚的积累。现代学者也从不同的角度，有进一步的抉发。他们或根据礼乐背景来解释《诗经》的具体篇章，如王国维认为《周颂》中《昊天有成命》《武》《酌》《桓》《赉》《般》就是周成王时《大武》乐歌王国维：《周大武乐章考》,载《观堂集林》卷二，北京：中华书局，1984年，第104～107页。对于《大武》乐章所用歌辞及其次序，高亨、孙作云、张西堂、杨向奎等人提出了各种不同的看法，可参看贾海生：《周公所制乐舞通考》,《文艺研究》2002年第3期。'>王国维：《周大武乐章考》,载《观堂集林》卷二，北京：中华书局，1984年，第104～107页。对于《大武》乐章所用歌辞及其次序，高亨、孙作云、张西堂、杨向奎等人提出了各种不同的看法，可参看贾海生：《周公所制乐舞通考》,《文艺研究》2002年第3期。'>沈文倬：《宗周岁时祭考实》,载《宗周礼乐文明考论(增订本)》,杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006年，第90～94页。'>Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。'>(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>1王国维：《周大武乐章考》,载《观堂集林》卷二，北京：中华书局，1984年，第104～107页。对于《大武》乐章所用歌辞及其次序，高亨、孙作云、张西堂、杨向奎等人提出了各种不同的看法，可参看贾海生：《周公所制乐舞通考》,《文艺研究》2002年第3期。'>,或利用《诗经》的描述来印证《周礼》《礼记》中的礼仪制度，如沈文倬用《大雅·旱麓》《大雅·棫朴》《小雅·信南山》《小雅·楚茨》等作品，说明天子诸侯岁时祭中的“朝践”“灌祭”等程序细节。沈文倬：《宗周岁时祭考实》,载《宗周礼乐文明考论(增订本)》,杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006年，第90～94页。'>沈文倬：《宗周岁时祭考实》,载《宗周礼乐文明考论(增订本)》,杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006年，第90～94页。'>Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。'>(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>2沈文倬：《宗周岁时祭考实》,载《宗周礼乐文明考论(增订本)》,杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006年，第90～94页。'>
西方汉学界对《诗经》礼乐文化的研究，并非其长项，但是在近期的研究中，表现出一个鲜明的特色，即特别注重礼仪形式与文本形式之间的对应关系。
夏含夷(Edward L. Shaughnessy)的论文《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,结合《周颂》的文本形式、仪式的表演形式、青铜器的体制形式，论证了仪式表演形式发展与诗歌表达形式发展的一致性。Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。'>Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。'>(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>3Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。'>
夏含夷认为，《诗经》中最早的作品，如《周颂》的《武》《赉》《桓》组诗，《闵予小子》《访落》《敬之》组诗，还有《清庙》《维天之命》《维清》《烈文》《天作》《昊天有成命》《我将》《时迈》《思文》等诗，都是仪式参与者共同演唱，并以舞蹈表演出来的颂歌祝词。在形式层面上，这些作品每行的字数和押韵格式都不一致；在句法层面上，它们将“其”当作情态动词来用，表示“希望”之意，与西周中期以后将“其”当作第三人称所有格代名词来用的情况很不同；在措辞上，它们用了“惠”“锡”“贻”“求”等向先祖祈福的动词，还用了表示第一人称代名词复数的“我”。这些文本特征，说明了此类诗歌是由仪式参与者一起表演，直接与祖先对话。
到了西周中期(大约公元前10世纪中后期),出现了另一类《周颂》作品，反映了一种不同的形式：由一个特定的代表来表演，其他人不再参与表演，只是作为仪式的观众。此类作品包括《执竞》《有瞽》《载见》《雝》等。在文本形式上，这些作品有比较统一的四言句式，有统一的用韵，并且与祖先直接对话的祷词完全消失了，用来描述仪式参与者与祖先的第一人称、第二人称代名词也完全消失了，变成了第三人称代名词“厥”。这些作品都是从旁观的角度描述正在进行的仪式。
夏含夷在论证过程中，引用了英国汉学家、艺术史专家罗森(Jessica Rawson)对西周青铜器形体变化的研究。罗森发现，在公元前10世纪中后期，西周青铜器的设计出现了重大变化：在此之前即西周早期，青铜器小巧精致，需要典礼仪式的参与者近距离观察，可见当时的仪式是一小群人靠近青铜器举行；在此之后即西周晚期，青铜器规模很大，没有了精致的装饰，这似乎说明有更多的人怀着敬意站在远处见证仪式，而不是亲自参与到仪式中。西周青铜器体制形式的变化，对应着当时礼仪表演方式的重大变革。(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>4(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。'>
夏含夷结合《诗经》文本变化与青铜器形体变化，认为上述这两类诗歌在形式特征上的转变，代表了西周礼仪制度的转型。他指出，《诗经》的西周早期作品是表演性(performative)的诗，而到了周穆王(公元前956～918在位)之后的作品，是描述性(descriptive)的诗；这个转变，正好与考古证据相吻合，反映出周穆王时代在祭典仪式上的巨大转变。(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>5(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。'>
柯马丁(Martin Kern)的论文《作为表演文本的〈诗经〉:〈楚茨〉的个案分析》,也是通过《诗经》文本的形式特征，尤其是用韵与人称代词，来揭示其对应的仪式功能，推进了《诗经》文本形式与仪式背景的研究。(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>6(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>
柯马丁认为，《诗经》是周代“文化记忆”的储藏库，并且《诗经》在周代没有固定的书写文本，只存在于口头表演之中。(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>7(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。'>那么，《诗经》这种周代“文化记忆”如何被理解、被传播?柯马丁相信，这主要依靠一种强化美学效果的诗歌形式。为了证明这种看法，他详细分析了《小雅·楚茨》的形式特征。他指出，《楚茨》最突出的形式特征有两点：其一是密集的韵脚，其二是那些突然出现、没有明确指代的人称代词。这两点的结合，即不同韵脚、不同人称代词的结合，代表了不同的声音。也就是说，每一章韵脚的变化，都暗示了不同参加者的声音。《楚茨》前三章有相同的韵脚，都是祝祷者的声音。第四章最复杂，有多重声音，首先是祭礼主人说话，接着是主礼者说话，然后是祝祷者代表神灵向祭礼子孙说话，“卜尔百福”中的“尔”代表了祝祷者向子孙说话的语气。最后两章是各方参加者的告别。对于第五章的“神具醉止，皇尸载起”,朱熹解为“神醉而尸起，送尸而神归”(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>8(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。'>,柯马丁提出不同看法：既然“皇尸”是敬称，这两句应该是祝祷者代表子孙对尸(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>说话，承认他完成任务、可以离位。最后，《楚茨》每章结尾的嘏辞，则代表着对祭祀成功的保证。
周代诗、乐、舞一体，《诗经》本是音乐、舞蹈表演中的有机部分。但是，柯马丁进一步提出，《诗经》作品不仅运用在表演之中，对表演作出描述，它们还从外部对表演仪式作出规定。也就是说，这些诗同时具备描述性(descriptive)、规定性(prescriptive)两种功能。《楚茨》就是最好的例子。《毛诗序》以为《楚茨》是“刺幽王”“君子思古”(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>9(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。'>,宋以后的学者则大多以为《楚茨》只是描述了祭祀的程序。柯马丁指出，这两种看似不同的解释，其实并不矛盾，《楚茨》既是仪式表演的一部分，又是对理想秩序的规范性说明。
纵观柯马丁全文，其实基于一个根本信念：文本的形式特征非常重要。他认为，正是形式特征和美学结构，将表演文本与日常语言区分开。具体来说，《诗经》这种表演文本的仪式语言，在形式上总是自我指涉，它表明仪式最终会自我实现、不容置疑。这种文本形式，再现并确保了社会的等级制度，最终可以强化宗教与社会传统的稳定性、延续性。
夏含夷、柯马丁的论文，都立足于《诗经》文本特征、语言形式的细致分析，包括韵脚的变化、人称代词的变化以及相应的角色变化等，这体现了西方汉学家在《诗经》研究中较有代表性的视角与方法。事实上，中国学者也并未忽视礼乐制度与《诗经》文本形式的关系，如王国维在《说〈周颂〉》中曾用“所容礼文之繁”而“声缓”,来解释《周颂》不押韵、不分章的现象。(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>10(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>尤其是近期学者的研究，更加注重《诗经》韵律形式与礼乐文化背景的关系。(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>11(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>
西方汉学家还善于从人类学、比较文化的角度来研究《诗经》,比如从不同民族、不同文化的音乐传统的比较中，探索《诗经》的音乐形态。
虽然宋儒(如程大昌等人)、清儒(如马瑞辰等人)都注重从音乐性质来区分《风》《雅》《颂》,现代学者顾颉刚、魏建功等人争论过《诗经》复沓与歌谣的关系(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。'>(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>12(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。'>,杨荫浏则总结了《国风》《雅》两类歌曲的十种不同曲式(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>13(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。'>,但是，由于乐谱记载形式的局限，古代的音乐难以记录保存，这限制了深入研究的展开。因此，研究《诗经》的音乐形态，其难度更甚于研究《诗经》的礼乐背景。
20世纪西方汉学界对《诗经》音乐形态研究贡献最大的学者，是英国汉学家毕铿(Laurence Ernest Rowland Picken, 1909～2007)。毕铿本为英国剑桥大学的生物学家，自幼就表现出极高的音乐天赋。1944年，他以英国科学使团成员的身份，被英国政府派往中国。在华期间，他受到荷兰人高罗佩(Robert Hans van Gulik, 1910～1967)的指点，并亲炙于中国古琴名家查阜西(1895～1976)、裴铁侠(1884～1950)等人，由此开始了他的中国古代音乐研究，并奠定了他在汉学界的特殊地位。毕铿在中国古代音乐研究上的成就，主要侧重于唐代音乐。同时，他也从音乐的角度对《诗经》的歌辞文本和曲调做了深入的研究。后来成为著名神经生理学家的浙江人冯德培(1907～1995),与毕铿在剑桥大学同学期间，曾用中文朗读《诗经》给他听。(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>14(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>这或许就是毕铿与《诗经》结缘的起始。
毕铿研究《诗经》的音乐形态，主要依据两位学者的成果。第一位是宋人朱熹。朱熹在《仪礼经传通解》中，曾根据当时所见的雅乐，为《诗经》的十二首作品重构了曲调乐谱，即“风雅十二诗谱”。这十二首诗分别是《小雅》部分的《鹿鸣》《四牡》《皇皇者华》《鱼丽》《南有嘉鱼》《南山有台》,以及《国风》部分的《关雎》《葛覃》《卷耳》《鹊巢》《采蘩》《采蘋》。(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>15(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>在1956年的一篇论文中，毕铿就以现代乐谱的形式，重构了这十二首诗的乐曲形式。(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。'>(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>16(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.'>第二位是北美汉学家杜百胜(W. A. C. H. Dobson, 1913～1982)。杜百胜在1968年出版的专著《〈诗经〉的语言》及论文《中国古代诗律学的起源与发展》,总结了《诗经》的语言与韵律形式，并推论了从《周颂》到《大雅》到《小雅》再到《国风》的前后发展历程，认为其间呈现了从散文向诗歌的过渡。(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>17(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>
朱熹重构的诗谱，为毕铿提供了基本材料；杜百胜对《诗经》语言的研究，则为毕铿提供了基本角度和方法。杜百胜对《诗经》诗句重见现象的研究，给予毕铿的启发最大。所谓诗句重见，不仅指同一首诗内部的重章叠咏，更指不同诗歌之间的诗句相重现象，这与王国维、屈万里等人总结的《诗经》中的成语、成词现象不同(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>18(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。'>,诗句重见偏重诗句，成语成词偏重词语。对于《诗经》的诗句重见现象，除了杜百胜之外，在20世纪70年代以前几乎无人做过系统研究。到了1974年，台湾学者裴溥言对此作了比较全面的研究(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>19(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。'>;就在同一年，任教于美国华盛顿大学的王靖献(C.H.Wang, 1940～2020),将其博士论文以《钟与鼓：〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》为名，正式出版。(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>20(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。'>相比而言，王靖献运用美国学者帕里(Milman Parry, 1902～1935)、洛德( Albert B.Lord, 1912～1991)的“口传诗学”理论，从口述套语的角度研究了《诗经》的诗句重见现象，推翻了杜百胜等人关于诗句重见只是诗句借用的看法，产生了较大的影响。
不过，《诗经》诗句重见现象，只是毕铿的出发点，他的目的与杜百胜、王靖献等人不同，他要研究的是《诗经》的音乐形态。可惜的是，毕铿研究《诗经》之时，尚未见到王靖献的著作，他完全依赖杜百胜的看法，这为他的研究带来了一定的局限。
1969年，毕铿发表《〈诗经〉诗句重见现象的音乐意涵》,从音乐的角度重新思考《诗经》的诗句重见现象。他指出，《诗经》中的乐句，可按其在整章中的音乐功能，分为开头、中间、结尾三种位置，那些重见的诗句，在音符上只是偶尔相同，但是在出现的位置上却总是一样。他认为，这种现象“没有明显的语义上的理由”,只是反映了《诗经》乐句的性质。同时，毕铿认为，由于四分音符组成的乐句数量有限，这“促成了乐句之间的借用”,乐句的借用“反过来促成了诗句的借用”。(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>21(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.'>
1977年，毕铿发表了一篇更为详尽的研究文章，题为《〈诗经〉歌辞文本的形态及其音乐意涵》。他根据诗句长度和诗章频率制成统计表，指出《诗经》歌辞文本有四种形式：第一种是不分诗章、不押韵的杂言形式，以《周颂》为代表，包括部分《商颂》;第二种是分章但每章有不同的节奏；第三种是诗章少、诗句多的形式；第四种是第三种的简略形式。这个观察并无太多新奇之处。但是，毕铿根据杜百胜，以及澳大利亚汉学家巴纳(Noel Barnard, 1922～2016)的错误指引，认为《大雅》《小雅》才是“真正的最早的周代文本”,而《颂》是周代晚期的作品。不过，文本形式上的特征，又促使毕铿用一种微妙的方式修正这样的看法，他认为《周颂》其实体现了“一种属于西周早期的真正的歌体”,“反映了一种远古传统”,“不可能是周代晚期凭空创造出来的文学新体式”。因此，他认为《周颂》所代表的第一种形式“再现了一种祷文形式的颂歌的真正记忆”,《商颂》是对《周颂》的“想象性发挥”,《周颂》《商颂》《鲁颂》在形式上的不同，反映了三个不同文化——甚至是族群——的不同传统。(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>2(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>2(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.'>
毕铿此文最大的价值，在于将《诗经》音乐形态与世界各地的音乐加以类比。他从诗句长度和诗章频率两个因素，来考察《诗经》歌辞文本的节拍和韵律形式。他提出几个原则，比如：《诗经》中占主导位置的四音节诗句，代表着四个相等时长的音乐量度单位，即四节拍，这些诗句按照严格的时间长度来演唱。他接着指出，根据朱熹“风雅十二诗谱”所重构的旋律模式，与明人朱载堉重构的仪式曲调一致。这种仪式曲调，也存在于今日可见的道教红头法咒、潮州民谣，还存在于东亚、南亚、东南亚以及整个欧亚和北非地区的民歌和仪式歌曲中。同时，从当时出土的楚帛来看，八音节的节拍也很常见，这是两个四音节的叠加，成为一个“功能性单位”。这种韵律形式在梵语诗歌、《阿维斯陀经》的《密特拉颂》(the Avestan Hymns to Mithra, 古波斯的琐罗亚斯德教经典)、古代基督教颂歌、阿拉伯贝多因部落(Bedouin tribes)民歌中很普遍。两个四音节的叠加，成为《诗经》诗句借用的常见形态，形成了一种“拼缀”的风格，与拜占庭吟诵(Byzantine chant)的形式类似。(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>23(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.'>
毕铿提及《诗经》音乐形态与不同族群文化的关系，但他并未做更多的讨论。二十多年后，陈致的《〈诗经〉的形成：从礼仪化到世俗化》,以丰富的考古资料，对这个问题做了比较全面、深入的考证和阐发。此书原为作者在美国威斯康辛大学东亚系的博士论文，完成于1999年。后经修订，2007年在德国的华裔学志出版社正式出版。(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>24(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).'>随后于2009年译为中文，由上海古籍出版社出版。
陈致从音乐文化的角度，考察了《诗经》的形成史及其相应的历史背景。他重新解释了《诗经》“南”“风”“雅”“颂”的编排分类原则、这种分类背后的音乐背景以及商周时代的政治文化背景。他指出：“南”本义是初生的竹子，后代指南方的乐钟，进而代指具有南方色彩的音乐体式；“风”最初是普通管弦乐器的代称，进而代指具有各地地方色彩的音乐体式；“雅”就是“夏”,是周人在与殷商对抗的过程中造出来的文化概念，周人把自己的文化称为“雅”或“夏”,周人的音乐及其乐器也称为“雅”或“夏”,如周代贵族专用的甬钟或钮钟；“颂”的本义是商代的乐钟“庸”,是殷商贵族在祭祀、飨宴中专用的乐器，也指祭祀中音乐、舞蹈、乐歌相伴进行的乐舞形式，这种庸奏乐舞后来经过周人的改造，演变为《三颂》。
其实，宋人郑樵、王质、程大昌的乐式分类理论早已指出：《诗经》的分类，对应着不同的乐器和乐式。不过，陈致在宋人的乐式理论之上，进一步提出：《诗经》的编排分类，不仅根据不同的音乐体式，而且还有地域的因素。“雅”“颂”之间的区分，背后有着重大的地缘政治背景，它反映了在商周之际的政权更迭中，商、周两个民族如何在文化上对抗、融合和发展。以《诗经》反映的周代礼乐制度为中心，陈致提出了“雅乐三变”。第一次变化发生在周武王灭商前后，周人受到殷商音乐文化的影响，一边学习殷人先进的音乐文化，一边加以改造以突出自己文化的独立性。在此过程中，周人创造了自己的乐器(如甬钟),也创造了自己的音乐作品和体式(大雅、小雅)。周朝建立之后，曾经高度发达的晚商音乐文化出现了停滞和衰退的迹象。第二次变化发生在平王东迁以后，“雅”与“夏”从周王畿扩展到中原地区，各种音乐相互影响，乐器与乐制走向多元化，并且从礼仪化转向世俗化。第三次变化发生在春秋中晚期，周室衰微，各国的民间俗乐渐渐取代“雅”乐，出现了“新声”,而这种“新声”实际上是部分晚商音乐文化的复现。
陈致此书最大的特点是研究方法上的突破。他采用了多视角、跨学科的研究方法，将音乐考古学、民族音乐学与传统的古文字学、训诂学和文献学相结合，从音乐考古学的视角揭示了《诗经》不同分类对应着不同的乐器、源自不同文化的乐式，从民族音乐学的视角揭示了《诗经》乐式分类背后的文化背景和政治背景。
虽然在《诗经》音乐文化的研究上，西方汉学界近来已呈现出全新的发展面貌，但是毕铿的筚路蓝缕之功，意义重大，一直产生着深远的影响。美国汉学家杜志豪(Kenneth J. DeWoskin)的专著《音乐与中国早期的艺术观念》,以《左传》所载的季札观乐为基础，概述了《诗经》的演奏情形。杜志豪指出，关于《诗经》实际演奏情况的资料非常稀少，因此他的论述完全建立在毕铿的研究之上。不过，他也引用了毕铿未及见到的1978年湖北随县曾侯乙墓出土的编钟，用来补充毕铿的研究。(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>25(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.'>
二、 《诗经》物质文化研究
《诗经》除了反映礼乐文化这种属于精神层面的文化传统，还反映了上古时期的物质文化，以及当时农业文明。中国学者在此方面已有很多研究。如郭沫若从《诗经》中描写的农作物、田器，尤其是铁器，来论证周人在农业文明上的进步。(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>26(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。'>扬之水的《诗经》名物研究，则代表了近期对于《诗经》物质文化研究的新成就。(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>27(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。'>
可能由于《诗经》名物研究需要极其深厚、广博的中国文化知识，西方汉学界中专门的研究著作并不多见。
由于《诗经》作为歌唱文本的重要性，有西方学者曾初步整理了《诗经》中的乐器知识。美国音乐学家考夫曼(Walter Kaufmann, 1907～1984),在其编译的《中国典籍中的音乐文献》中，搜集并翻译了《四书》《五经》中的音乐文献，对各种中国古代乐器及音乐术语做了系统的解说。(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>28(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。'>考夫曼从《诗经》中辑出涉及各种乐器及音乐演出的诗章或诗句，并专门在书中分立了乐器术语解说部分，进一步解释各种乐器的形状、来历和用途。书中所辑诗句，选自《诗经》的二十九首诗，排列基本根据《毛诗》的顺序，有出自《国风》的《关雎》《麟之趾》《击鼓》《简兮》《定之方中》《君子阳阳》《女曰鸡鸣》《山有扶苏》《萚兮》《山有枢》《车邻》《宛丘》,有出自《小雅》的《鹿鸣》《常棣》《伐木》《彤弓》《采芑》《何人斯》《鼓钟》《车舝》《宾之初筵》,有出自《大雅》的《灵台》《行苇》《卷阿》《板》,有出自《三颂》的《有瞽》《执竞》《有駜》《那》。
在商周时代的物质文化中，与日常生活有直接关系者，除了乐器，就是食具。当时的各类酒器与食具，占据十分重要的地位，甚至成为周人礼乐制度的核心要素，这在《诗经》中有生动的描述。
长期在美国任教的华裔学者张光直(Kwang-chih Chang, 1931～2001),有《中国古代的饮食与饮食具》一文，引用《诗经》《楚辞》里的描写，探讨先秦时代的食物和宴饮。此文最初发表于1973年，后收入1976年的论文集《早期中国文明：人类学的视角》(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>29(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.'>,中文版收进《中国青铜时代》。(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>30(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。'>在此文中，张光直引用了《小雅·頍弁》《小雅·伐木》中的诗句，证明商周时代宴饮中赠送与共享的情感。《诗经》成了人类学家张光直最重要的资料。他在讨论祭祀的起源与食物的关系时，整首引用了《大雅·生民》,认为此诗描绘的祭祀是以谷类食物为中心，相比之下，《礼记·礼运》则描绘了以熟肉为中心，他指出，这是两个不同的阶级或民族的传统的混合。(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>31(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。'>
除了食具、乐器之外，上古时期的农业器具以及农业发展的物质条件，也是上古历史与文化研究中重要的课题。中国的《诗经》研究者，常以《豳风·七月》等诗为基础，探讨先秦时代农业生活的各种细节。西方汉学家也常常利用这些诗歌，探讨早期的农业文明。不过，值得一提的是，《诗经》所反映的商周时代中原地区的农业文明和自然环境，曾经激起何炳棣与张光直等人的论争。
在美国任教的华裔历史学家何炳棣(Ping-ti Ho, 1917～2012),为了反驳19世纪末20世纪初流行一时的中国文明西来说，在1975年出版《东方的摇篮》一书，深入研究了中国华北地区的古自然环境，并将《诗经》中记载的植被分布状况作为直接的证据，同时结合了20世纪五六十年代的最新科学发现。当时发现，华北黄土层中保存的蒿类孢粉远远多于乔木花粉，而《诗经》记载的艾蒿类植物种类远远多于其他植物，其出现次数仅仅略次于桑树植物。何炳棣认为，这些证据证明了《诗经》时代的黄土地地区一直都是半干旱草原。(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>32(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.'>在《东方的摇篮》出版之前，何炳棣已经在1969年出版的中文著作《黄土与中国农业的起源》中，将《诗经》记载的所有自然界植物进行分类，得出过同样的结论。事实上，《东方的摇篮》是对《黄土与中国农业的起源》中相关论点的进一步阐述。
何炳棣依赖《诗经》来证明古代华北是半干旱高原气候的做法，陆续受到一些学者的批评，其中有加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学人类学家 Richard Person、美国宾州大学植物学教授李惠林(1911～2002)等人。(30)Richard Pearson,“Pollen Counts in North China,” Antiquity 48 (1974):276-278;Hui-lin Li,“The Domestication of Plants in China:Ecogeographical Considerations,” The Origins of Chinese Civilization,ed.David N.Keightley(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983) 21-64.'>(30)Richard Pearson,“Pollen Counts in North China,” Antiquity 48 (1974):276-278;Hui-lin Li,“The Domestication of Plants in China:Ecogeographical Considerations,” The Origins of Chinese Civilization,ed.David N.Keightley(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983) 21-64.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>33(30)Richard Pearson,“Pollen Counts in North China,” Antiquity 48 (1974):276-278;Hui-lin Li,“The Domestication of Plants in China:Ecogeographical Considerations,” The Origins of Chinese Civilization,ed.David N.Keightley(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983) 21-64.'>不过，对何炳棣最主要的批评，可能来自张光直。张光直认为，艾蒿类植物虽然对于判断气候十分重要，但是依赖《诗经》中的植物资料并不能说明问题，并且从描写安阳地区的三十九首诗歌来看，它们其实反映了一个绿树成荫、青竹郁郁、水源丰富的气候，如《卫风·淇奥》《卫风·竹竿》《卫风·硕人》《邶风·击鼓》等作品。(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>34(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.'>
张光直与何炳棣的论争，源自他们判断华北古自然环境和耕作方式时的不同立场。在张光直生命最后阶段的文章中，以及何炳棣晚年撰写的回忆录中，还念念不忘他们之间关于华北古自然环境的争论。(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>35(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>
除了直接研究《诗经》中的名物与物质文化之外，还有西方学者尝试梳理中国古代的《诗经》名物研究史。德国图宾根大学(University of Tübinge)汉学系教授闵道安( Achim Mittag),曾发表论文《熟悉诗中的自然世界：宋代〈诗经〉学对于鸟兽草木的研究》,探讨宋代诗经学中的《诗经》名物研究。(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>36(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>闵道安将王安石和郑樵视为宋代诗经学的两种相反理论的代表，认为前者继承欧阳修的观点，强调《诗经》诠释中的“一道德”原则，后者则反对《诗经》诠释中的“义理”原则，强调研究《诗经》本身的“情状”。在这两种《诗经》诠释理论的推动之下，《诗经》的鸟兽草木研究在宋代逐渐发展为一种专门之学。王安石代表的“一道德”原则是正统，郑樵试图用“情状”原则将鸟兽草木从毛、郑以及《尔雅》的传统中解放出来，强调从农夫或隐士的视角来解释《诗经》中的鸟兽草木。闵道安认为，这两种视角，代表了在朝的士大夫之学与在野的士人之学的对立。不过，他最后指出，这两种对立的观点，都围绕着相似的问题，未能发展出西方那种研究鸟兽草木的科学精神。
三、 《诗经》民俗文化研究
《诗经》除了反映商周时代的礼乐文化、物质文化，还反映了早期的民俗文化。上古时期的神话传说，是民俗文化的重要组成部分。长期在英国任教的美国学者艾兰(Sarah Allan),曾引用《商颂·玄鸟》,讨论了殷商起源的神话。(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。'>(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>37(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.'>陈致也引用《商颂·玄鸟》,讨论了殷商的玄鸟崇拜。(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>38(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.'>英国学者白安妮( Anne Birrell),则利用《大雅·生民》,研究了后稷传说和感生神话。(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>39(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.'>
不过，对于西方汉学界的《诗经》民俗文化研究，中国读者最熟悉的可能是法国学者葛兰言(Marcel Granet, 1884～1940)的著作。葛兰言从社会学、人类学角度研究《诗经》的文化风俗，曾影响了日本学者白川静等人的研究，也影响了英国学者韦利(Arthur Waley, 1889～1966)的《诗经》英译。
其实，早在葛兰言之前，19世纪的法国汉学家毕瓯(M. Edouard Biot, 1803～1850),就研究过《诗经》时代的社会风俗，他认为要考证一个民族的文明和风俗，很难从正规史册上找到清晰的描述，不如研究民间故事、民谣，可能收获更大。葛兰言在1919年出版的法文著作《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》中，进一步将新兴的文化人类学方法运用到《诗经》情歌和上古中国风俗文化的研究中。
葛兰言把《国风》中的情歌，视为中国古代乡间男女集会时竞赛歌唱的产物，他特别看重这些情歌反映的民间婚恋仪式本身的价值，以及从民间仪式到官方祭祀庆典的过渡历程。为了寻找《诗经》中隐藏的仪式细节，他反对任何象征的解释方法。他说：“我们可以超越简单的文学解释与象征主义解释，去发现这些诗歌的原初含义。”他为阅读《国风》制定了几条规则，其中一条就是“摒弃所有那些象征解释或暗示诗人'微言大义’的解释”。葛兰言所说的“象征主义解释”“微言大义的解释”,主要针对毛传、郑笺以来的传统儒家诠释。葛兰言在具体论述时，虽然也用到“象征”“隐喻”之类的术语，但是，由于他强调《国风》中的山川树木，都是民间节庆、仪式形式场景的实际反映，因此他确实摒弃了对《诗经》的象征解释。他甚至说，《诗经》的“技巧完全是自然而然的”,“隐喻和明喻也几乎没有”,“诗歌只不过再现了事物间的对应关系”。对于葛兰言来说，《诗经》意象的重要性，并不在于它的象征意义，只是因为它“铭刻着自然现象和人类惯行间实际存在的对应性”。(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>40(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。'>
中国学者闻一多对《诗经》民俗文化的研究，在中国学界产生过十分深远的影响，他在方法途径上与葛兰言极为接近。不过，没有证据说明闻一多与葛兰言之间存在直接的学缘关系(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>。(38)参见李孝迁:《葛兰言在民国学界的反响》,《华东师范大学学报》2010年第4期。桑兵认为,直到1942年之后,葛兰言才为中国学界所了解,见《国学与汉学:近代中外学界交往录》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010年,第55页。'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>41(38)参见李孝迁:《葛兰言在民国学界的反响》,《华东师范大学学报》2010年第4期。桑兵认为,直到1942年之后,葛兰言才为中国学界所了解,见《国学与汉学:近代中外学界交往录》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010年,第55页。'>并且，闻一多与葛兰言有一个根本的区别，那就是闻一多非常重视《诗经》意象的各种隐喻和象征意义，而葛兰言排斥任何象征解读。
当我们将目光转向西方汉学界，就会发现，葛兰言的研究范式在欧洲有较深远的影响，但是在近期美国汉学界却受到了批评与质疑。一些美国汉学家研究《诗经》民俗文化时，更乐意接受闻一多那种注重《诗经》象征意义的方法。
美国威斯康辛大学的华裔学者周策纵(Chow Tse-tsung, 1916～2007),在1978年发表论文《生育神话和中国古代医药：巫传统之研究》,研究了上古时期的生育和婚姻仪式，此文最初收在芮效卫(David. T. Roy)和钱存训主编的《古代中国论文集》中(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>42(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.'>,后来经作者扩充并以中文重写，收入作者的中文专著《古巫医与“六诗”考——中国浪漫文学探源》,组成了该书的上篇与中篇。
在1968年发表的《诗字古义考》一文中，周策纵已指出古代足趾的“止”字常与“草”“生”等字的字根混同，这个现象与古代周人所相信的生育神话有关，即相信践踏足迹可以带来生育。(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>43(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.'>《生育神话和中国古代医药》一文，其实就是从这个论点发展而来。此文有一半内容(即关于生育神话部分),主要围绕《诗经》而展开。通过《诗经》的相关诗句以及各种先秦资料，周策纵希望进一步证明：象征性地用足踏土践耕，以及由此产生的舞蹈，其目的是为了企求生育，这就是古代的郊祀、高禖仪式。
周策纵的论证，首先从《齐风·南山》入手。周策纵参考了理雅各、韦利、高本汉、庞德等人的英译之后，重新翻译了此诗，因为他认为这些译者对于该诗理解有误。《诗序》认为此诗是讽刺齐襄公与他妹妹文姜私通的“鸟兽之行”,韦利、高本汉都不接受这种道德化的解释。韦利将每章的最后两句改译成肯定句，变成了一般性的告诫。高本汉认为这首诗只是写一个齐国的女子去鲁国成婚，她的情人因失去她而忧伤不已，每章的最后两句都在说这个男子的想念与悲伤。(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>44(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.'>
周策纵认为，《齐风·南山》各章的最后两句，与其说是“想念与悲伤”,还不如说更接近于齐襄公与文姜私通之事，因为他从其中看到了性的象征。周策纵对于此诗象征意味的解读，十分合理，但因而坐实此诗是写齐襄公与文姜私通，似乎略显牵强。
当然，更重要的是诗中的“葛屦”一词，这才是周策纵真正的切入点。他认为，“葛屦五两”是先秦婚庆的亲迎礼中所用的实物，可能就是文姜与鲁桓公结婚时的装束之一。但是，葛屦草鞋是夏季才穿，又非贵重之物，为什么婚礼中要用葛屦而不是皮屦?周策纵进一步考证，葛屦的作用是源自它的象征意义。葛屦由男家送到女家，再让新娘子去践踏一下。因为葛是藤状植物，可以蔓延，所以在《诗经》中往往用来象征婚姻、生殖与繁衍。在亲迎礼中践踏葛屦，正是象征婚姻或生育，符合先民祈盼延续后嗣、繁殖人口的心理。因此《魏风·葛屦》的“纠纠葛屦，可以履霜”,以及其他相关诗句，都与婚姻和生育有关。由“履霜”出发，周策纵接着又考证古代的婚期与霜、露的关系，认为冰霜都与婚姻相关。
可见，周策纵此文的焦点是为了证明践踏葛屦的象征意义，及其与婚姻的关系。周策纵接着引用了《大雅·生民》“履帝武敏”的诗句，认为这也是相关的践踏履迹仪式，是一种企求生育的祭祀。这种神尸践武，可能就是《礼记·郊特牲》说的“大武”之舞，象征生殖力。这种仪式，牵涉到上古的“郊禖”,与之相关的诗还有《商颂·玄鸟》。周策纵最终希望证明，亲迎礼中的践履，和《大雅·生民》记载的神尸践武，其象征意义是一样的，都与求生殖的期盼有关。只不过，这些上古仪式的记载，经过了汉初儒生的道德化和理想化解释，需要现代的研究者仔细辨别考证。
周策纵的《生育神话和中国古代医药》,旁征博引，结合了文献考证、字形字义辨析。不过，此文的研究思路，与其说是受葛兰言的影响，不如说是受闻一多的影响。因为周策纵与闻一多类似，更重视《诗经》意象的象征意义，从象征的角度、而不是实际场景的角度揭示上古的婚恋观念。
到了夏含夷的文章《女诗人为何最终烧毁王室》,可以更加清晰地见出一些美国汉学家在葛兰言和闻一多之间的抉择。(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>45(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。'>夏含夷指出，葛兰言对于《诗经》所做的民族志(ethnographic)分析十分重要，但葛兰言排斥任何的象征色彩，这是一种过度的字面解读(literalism)。相比之下，闻一多的研究，在《诗经》中看到了无处不在的象征，更有启发性。特别是闻一多对于《诗经》鱼与性的关系的揭示，完全为夏含夷所接受。
由此出发，夏含夷开始重新解读《周南·汝坟》。毛序将此诗解为：“文王之化，行乎汝坟之国，妇人能闵其君子，犹勉之以正也。”现代学者接受闻一多的启发，将此诗解为女子对情人的思念，特别是“惄如调饥”一句有很明显的性意味。这些现代解读，夏含夷完全同意。但问题在于最后一章“鲂鱼赪尾，王室如燬，虽则如燬，父母孔迩”,曾激起各种不同的解释。
对于鲂鱼为何赤尾，《毛传》的解释是“鱼劳则尾赤”,郑玄进一步解释道：“君子仕于乱世，其颜色瘦病，如鱼劳则尾赤”。(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>46(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。'>英国汉学家韦利在英译《诗经》时，也对此作了政治性的解释，他说尾巴流血的鱼是王朝衰败的象征。闻一多的学生孙作云，则根据闻一多的启示，提出某些鱼类在春天时尾巴会转红，以吸引异性。闻一多、孙作云的解释，夏含夷基本接受。但是为何接下来有“王室如燬”一句?闻一多对此没有太多的解释，只是提到“王室”可能指皇室成员。孙作云、陈炳良等学者，则做了更具体的解释。他们认为“王室”表示祖先的宗庙，因为这些宗庙只有祭祖的时候才有人，平时则空无一人，因而成为幽会偷情的理想场所。陈炳良还指出，这些宗庙都在家族住宅附件，即“父母孔迩”,所以即使热情“如燬”,也要对不远处的父母保持警惕。
夏含夷对此提出了疑问：在整首诗歌一直保持民谣情歌调子的时候，最后一章突然有王室的出现，显得非常矛盾。需要更好地解释为何王室的意象会进入诗中，这样才能清除掉我们接受闻一多解读的最后一个障碍。为了清除这最后一个障碍，夏含夷指出，这里的“王”字在西周中期到汉朝时都被写得接近“玉”字，而在同一时期，“玉”字反而写成“王”的样子。他进一步提出，至少从汉初开始，“玉”就被用来委婉地表达生殖器，“玉茎”其实指阴茎，《素女经》中的“玉门”或“玉户”其实指阴户。虽然没有发现任何资料用“玉室”表示女性生殖器，但是《素女经》曾用“朱室”代指阴道。夏含夷由此猜测，在《诗经》还未定型的时候，“王室”其实指“玉室”,后来被人有意无意地解读成了“王室”。夏含夷由此提出了大胆的结论：赤尾的“鲂”是指鼓胀的阳具，代表归来的君子；“如燬”的“玉室”是指“玉门”,象征着女诗人炽热的性欲。在这样的解释中，最后一章就像前两章一样，既有君子的形象，也将女诗人的形象拉回到诗歌的中心。负责抄写这首诗的儒生，意识到“玉室”这一意象很危险，希望为这首诗注入政治道德的含义，于是他们用不改变字形而改变训读的方法达到他们的目的，他们不改变“玉”这个字的古字形，而是将其直接读作“王”,激情的女诗人就被替换成了王室成员。
可以看出，夏含夷主要借鉴了闻一多从性的角度解释鱼的象征意义的方法。他对《周南·汝坟》最后一章的解释，比闻一多、孙作云的解释更生动，也更大胆。这样的解释，未必每个人都能接受。可能由于这个原因，此文并未正式发表在任何期刊中，而是直接收进了题为《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》论文集中。夏含夷自己也说：“这个解读可能是错误的(这就是为什么本文是论文集中唯一一篇先前没有正式发表的文章)。”不过他进一步说道：“但是这种解释令本诗在我眼中显得更为有趣，同时我也希望它可以令读者您也觉得这首诗很有趣。”(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>47(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>
在夏含夷的研究基础上，金鹏程(Paul R. Goldin)进一步考察了《诗经》关于性行为的意象和隐喻，及其背后的宗教文化背景。金鹏程对《诗经》性文化的研究，更强调其中的宗教甚至政治寓意，因此也更为倚重闻一多的象征解释方法，彻底摒弃了葛兰言那种从字面解读《诗经》民俗仪式的做法。
金鹏程的相关研究，见于他1999年发表的文章《早期中国诗歌中的交欢意象》。(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>48(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.'>他在文章的开头指出：现代学者经常忽视或低估了《诗经》性意象的象征意义，这其实是早期中国文本中非常重要的一面。他以闻一多《说鱼》一文为立论基础，将《诗经》中的钓鱼与求食理解为求偶或性行为的象征。从这个角度出发，《曹风·候人》《陈风·衡门》《郑风·狡童》中的“饥”“食”“餐”,都是性行为的象征。但是，金鹏程接着提出的问题是：为什么古代的注疏者都将这些有明显的性内涵的诗歌解释为政治的象征，将诗中的两性关系解释为君主与臣子的关系?他认为，其实从“思无邪”“《关雎》乐而不淫、哀而不伤”的说法开始，孔子就已经强调《诗经》中的象征包含着超越字面意义的深意。古代的读者都认同这种诠释精神，他们都清楚知道，在很多早期的祭祀诗歌中，祭祀者都是用性的意象来表达他们与神明的关系。金鹏程从性的象征角度，重新解释了《小雅·鹿鸣》,认为“食野之苹”中的“食”就是性行为的象征，“我有嘉宾”的“宾”显示了女主人公在主持祭祀，因此这首诗表现了祭礼中的神人交合。
金鹏程还从神人交合的角度出发，重新解释了《小雅·彤弓》《小雅·楚茨》《小雅·信南山》等诗的相关章节。他甚至认为，《周南·关雎》中的君子与淑女的关系，也是主祭者与所祭祷女神的关系的隐喻。金鹏程进而指出，《关雎》将宗教意蕴与政治意蕴联系起来的模式，也出现在其它很多诗中。在这些诗歌中，神人交合的性意象包含了女性主祭者与神明的关系，其中的神明常常被替换为人间的君主。此类的诗歌包括《唐风·山有枢》《秦风·黄鸟》等。《黄鸟》中的“交交黄鸟”就是很明显的性意象，此诗在君主与臣子的关系之间建立了一个意味深长的性象征。因此，金鹏程认为，《诗经》中看似简单的意象，对那些有丰富阅读经验的读者来说其实是饱含着多层的意义。
《早期中国诗歌中的交欢意象》提供的种种论证，其实为毛传、郑笺以来的《诗经》诠释传统找到了一个合理的源头，即用《诗经》中的性意象来象征政治中的现实关系，具有悠久的传统和宗教的基础。毛传、郑笺将《诗经》恋歌中的男女关系解释为君主与臣子的关系，如此看来并非完全是牵强附会。不过，金鹏程写作此文的目的，不在于梳理《诗经》诠释史，而是为了通过《诗经》及其它早期中国文献，向西方读者介绍中国古代的性观念，特别是中国古人如何通过性意象来象征式地表达宗教和政治观念。
基于这个目的，金鹏程又将《早期中国诗歌中的交欢意象》一文，扩充之后收入他的专著《古代中国的性文化》。在此书的导论中，金鹏程强调本书第一章(即《早期中国诗歌中的交欢意象》扩充版)的主旨，是“考察那些运用交欢意象作为各种人类关系隐喻的先秦资料——比如隐喻祭祷者与神明的关系，或是隐喻君主与臣子的关系”。他指出，综合考察《诗经》《左传》《楚辞》中的交欢意象，是希望证明：“第一，中国古代文学中的性意象和象征的数量远远超过我们目前所知；第二，只有更敏感地捕捉这些意象和象征的存在及其文学功能，才能充分理解古代文本的核心因素。”(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>49(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.'>
相比之下，欧洲汉学家的《诗经》风俗文化研究，对葛兰言的研究方法与成就有更多的认同。如德裔挪威学者何莫邪(Christopher Harbsmeier),他在论文《早期中国诗歌中的性欲》中所探讨的问题，与金鹏程非常接近。他提出，认识一个文化的性观念，比认识那些具体的性行为，更为重要。然而，何莫邪完全接受了葛兰言的结论，并直接引用葛兰言的观点，认为《诗经》中的性描写及其相关意象，都是对于男女婚恋节庆风俗的直接反映，没有任何象征意义。他相信，这些反映婚恋风俗仪式的歌谣，曾经在上古贵族与宫廷的宴饮中十分流行，因此直接进入《诗经》经典之中。(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>50(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.'>
由以上分析可见，西方汉学界的《诗经》文化研究，在礼乐文化、物质文化、民俗文化等方面都取得了一定的进展。在具体的研究方法、角度上，西方汉学家常常表现出鲜明的特色，比如对《诗经》文本形式与礼仪形式对应关系的重视，对比较文化研究的重视。不过，一些北美汉学家的《诗经》民俗文化研究，疏远了法国学者葛兰言的研究范式，更倾向接受中国学者闻一多的方法和观点，这也见证了中外学者在《诗经》研究上的双向交流。
注释
1 王国维：《周大武乐章考》,载《观堂集林》卷二，北京：中华书局，1984年，第104～107页。对于《大武》乐章所用歌辞及其次序，高亨、孙作云、张西堂、杨向奎等人提出了各种不同的看法，可参看贾海生：《周公所制乐舞通考》,《文艺研究》2002年第3期。
2 沈文倬：《宗周岁时祭考实》,载《宗周礼乐文明考论(增订本)》,杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006年，第90～94页。
3 Edward L.Shaughnessy,“From Liturgy to Literature:The Ritual Contexts of the Earliest Poems in the Book of Poetry,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 165-195.中译可参看[美]夏含夷：《由颂辞到文学——〈诗经〉早期作品的仪式背景》,载《孔子之前：中国经典诞生的研究》,黄圣松、杨济襄、周博群等译，台北：万卷楼，2013年，第147～167页；还可参看[美]夏含夷：《从西周礼制改革看〈诗经·周颂〉的演变》,载《古史异观》,上海：上海古籍出版社，2005年，第327～342页。
4(1)Jessica Rawson,“Statesmen or Barbarians?The Western Zhou as Seen through Their Bronzes,” Proceedings of the British Academy 75 (1989):89-91.中译可参看[英]罗森著,孙心菲等译:《是政治家,还是野蛮人?——从青铜器看西周》,载《中国古代的艺术与文化》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年,第134～163页。
5(2)中国学者李山《诗经的文化精神》(北京:东方出版社,1997年,第169～175页)、马银琴《西周穆王时代的仪式乐歌》(《中国诗歌研究》第1辑),对西周中期的礼制改革及其相关的《诗经》作品,提出了不同的看法,如李山认为《闵予小子》《访落》是周穆王时期的作品。
6(3)Martin Kern,“Shi jing Songs as Performance Texts:A Case Study of 'Chu ci’('Thorny Caltrop’),” Early China 25(2000):49-111.
7(4)关于柯马丁对《诗经》口头性的论述及其相关学术背景,可参看张万民:《〈诗经〉早期书写与口头传播——近期欧美汉学界的论争及其背景》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2017年第6期。
8(5)朱熹著,赵长征点校:《诗集传》,北京:中华书局,2017年,第238页。
9(6)《毛诗正义》卷十三之二,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,北京:中华书局,1980年,第467页。
10(7)王国维:《说〈周颂〉》,载《观堂集林》,第111～113页。
11(8)如杜晓勤:《〈诗经〉“周颂”、“商颂”韵律形态及其与乐舞之关系》,九州大学大学院人文科学研究院《文学研究》第110辑(2013年),第1～28页。
12(9)顾颉刚:《从〈诗经〉中整理出歌谣的意见》,魏建功:《歌谣表现法之最要紧者——重奏复沓》,《古史辨》(第3册下编),北平:朴社,1932年,第589～608页。
13(10)杨荫浏:《中国古代音乐史稿》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1981年,第57～62页。
14(11)宫宏宇:《毕铿和他的中国音乐研究——纪念毕铿先生逝世》,《中央音乐学院学报》2007年第4期,第35～36页。
15(12)朱熹:《仪礼经传通解》卷十四《诗乐》,载朱杰人、严佐之、刘永翔编:《朱子全书(修订本)》第2册,上海:上海古籍出版社、合肥:安徽教育出版社,2010年,第516～527页。
16(13)Lawrence Picken,“Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty,” Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra(Budapest:Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1956) 147-173.
17(14)W.A.C.H.Dobson,The Language of the Book of Songs(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968);W.A.C.H.Dobson,“The Origin and Development of Prosody in Early Chinese Poetry,” T'oung Pao 54.4/5(1968):231-250.
18(15)王国维:《与友人论诗书中成语书》,载《观堂集林》,第75～84页;屈万里:《诗三百篇成语零释》,载《书傭论学集》,台北:台湾开明书店,1970年,第165～185页。
19(16)裴溥言:《诗经相同句及其影响》,台北:三民书局,1974年。
20(17)C.H.Wang,The Bell and the Drum:Shih Ching as Formulaic Poetry in an Oral Tradition (Berkeley:University of California Press,1974).中译可参看[美]王靖献著,谢谦译:《钟与鼓:〈诗经〉的套语及其创作方式》,成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。
21(18)Lawrence Picken,“The Musical Implications of Line- Sharing in the Book of Songs(Shih Ching),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 89.2 ( Apr.-Jun.,1969):408,409.
22(19)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):97-98.
23(20)Lawrence Picken,“The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-texts and Their Musical Implication,” Musica Asiatica 1(1977):87-89.
24(21)Chen Zhi,The Shaping of the Book of Songs:From Ritualization to Secularization (Sankt Augustin,Germany:Institut Monumenta Serica,2007).
25(22)Kenneth J.De Woskin,A Songfor One or Two:Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor:Center for Chinese Studies,University of Michigan,1982) 21-25.
26(23)郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》,《郭沫若全集·历史编》第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年,第104～113页。
27(24)扬之水:《诗经名物新证》,北京:北京古籍出版社,2000年。
28(25)Walter Kaufmann,Musical References in the Chinese Classics (Detroit:Information Coordinators,1976) 24-30,154-156.此书扉页有“乐经论”三个汉字,或是作者为此书所定的中文书名。
29(26)K.C.Chang,“Food and Food Vessels in Ancient China,” Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 35.6 (1973):495-520.后来收入 K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)115-148.
30(27)[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第220～250页。
31(28)K.C.Chang,Early Chinese Civilization:Anthropological Perspectives (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1976)128-129,137-140.中译可参看[美]张光直:《青铜时代》,北京:三联书店,1983年,第235、243～244页。
32(29)Ping-ti Ho,The Cradle of the East:An Inquiry into the Indigenous Origins of Techniques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early Historic China,5000-1000 B.C.(Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong,1975) 32-33.
33(30)Richard Pearson,“Pollen Counts in North China,” Antiquity 48 (1974):276-278;Hui-lin Li,“The Domestication of Plants in China:Ecogeographical Considerations,” The Origins of Chinese Civilization,ed.David N.Keightley(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983) 21-64.
34(31)K.C.Chang,Shang Civilization(New Haven:Yale University Press,1980) 145-146.
35(32)[美]张光直:《二十世纪后半的中国考古学》,《古今论衡》创刊号(1998年),第48页;[美]何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,香港:商务印书馆,2004年,第398～402、443～445页。
36(33)Achim Mittag,“Becoming Acquainted with Nature from the Odes:Sidelights on the Study of the Flora and Fauna in the Song Dynasty's Shijing Scholarship,” Concepts of Nature:A Chinese- European Cross-cultural Perspective,ed.Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günter Dux (Leiden:Brill,2010) 310-344.
37(34)Sarah Allan,The Shape of the Turtle:Myth,Art,and Cosmos in Early China (Albany:State University of New York Press,1991) 39.
38(35)Chen Zhi,“A Study of the Bird Cult of the Shang People,” Monumenta Serica 47 (1999):127-147.
39(36)Anne Birrell,Chinese Mythology:An Introduction (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993) 54-58,116-118.
40(37)[法]葛兰言著,赵丙祥、张宏明译:《古代中国的节庆与歌谣》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第6、14、75、189页。
41(38)参见李孝迁:《葛兰言在民国学界的反响》,《华东师范大学学报》2010年第4期。桑兵认为,直到1942年之后,葛兰言才为中国学界所了解,见《国学与汉学:近代中外学界交往录》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010年,第55页。
42(39)Chow Tse-tsung,“The Childbirth Myth and Ancient Chinese Medicine:A Study of Aspects of the Wu Tradition,” Ancient China:Studies in Early Civilization,ed.David.T.Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien (Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978) 43-89.
43(40)Chow Tse-tsung ,“The Early History of the Chinese Word Shih(Poetry),” Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,vol.1,ed.Chow Tse-tsung(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1968) 151-209.
44(41)Bernhard Karlgren tr.,The Book of Odes (Stockholm:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities,1950) 65.
45(42)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,” Before Confucius:Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics (Albany,N.Y.:State University of New York Press,1997) 221-238.中译可参看[美]夏含夷:《女性诗人何以最终烧毁王室》,载《孔子之前:中国经典诞生的研究》,第189～204页。
46(43)《毛诗正义》卷一之三,阮元校刻《十三经注疏》,第283页。
47(44)Edward L.Shaughnessy,“How the Poetess Came to Burn the Royal Chamber,”p.9.
48(45)Paul R.Goldin,“Imagery of Copulation in Early Chinese Poetry,” Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews 21 (1999):35-66.
49(46)Paul Rakita Goldin,The Culture of Sexin Ancient China (Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2002) 1,2.
50(47)Christopher Harbsmeier,“Eroticismin Early Chinese Poetry:Sundry Comparative Notes,” Das andere China:Festschriftfür Wolfgang Bauer zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.herausgegeben von Helwig Schmidt- Glintzer (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag,1995) 340,346.
51关于西方汉学界《诗经》研究在更长时期、更多论题上的发展，可参看拙著《英语世界的诗经学》，收入河北教育出版社出版的《世界汉学诗经学》丛书(2021年版)。
