申申老师英语基础句子成分入门讲解篇、配套基础练习及答案
申申老师句子成分排序口诀
主在前,谓中间,宾语、状语排后面
短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前
间接宾语若在后,真、间要用to,for连
宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前
例句1:
we(主语-在句首)will have(谓语-居中)an opening ceremony(宾语)next week(状语-在句尾)。
例句2:
Our(物主代词做定语)teacher (主语)sometimes(副词做状语)tells(谓语)us(人做间宾)stories(事物做直宾)about his childhood(介词短语做后置定语)during the break time(时间状语)
例句3:
Smith(主语) requested(谓语) me(宾语) to help him(宾语补足语) in the hospital(地点状语位于时间状语之前) last week(时间状语).
根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。
1. 主语:表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首。如:
It (主语)is getting cold. 天冷起来了。
Now everything(主语) is ready. 现在一切都准备好了。
The teacher (主语)is very kind to us. 老师对我们很好。
2. 谓语:说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后。如:
Mother bought(谓语) me a VCR. 妈给我买了一台录像机。
We have finished(谓语) our work already. 我们已经完成了工作。
3. 表语:表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如:
Be careful(表语)! 小心!
He looks very angry(表语). 他看上去很生气。
His job is looking after sheep(表语). 他的任务是看羊。
4. 宾语:指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后。如:
He wrote many plays(宾语). 他写了许多剧本。
She loves swimming(宾语). 她喜欢游泳。
5. 宾语补足语:用来对宾语进行补充和说明,一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。如:
He told us to stay(宾补). 他叫我们留下。
I’ve never seen her dancing(宾补). 我从未看见过她跳舞。
I found it difficult to refuse him(宾补). 我感到很难拒绝他
6. 定语:对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明,一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当,位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在所修饰的词之后(详见形容词一章)。如:
It’s an interesting (定语)story. 那是一个有趣的故事。
Do you have time to help us(不定式to 做定语)? 你有时间帮助我们吗?
Who is the woman being operated on(动词ing短语做后置定语)? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
7. 状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如:
We like English very much(状语). 我们非常喜欢英语。
Her uncle lives in Canada(地点状语). 她叔叔住在加拿大。
She was lying in bed reading(状语). 她躺在床上看书。
8. 同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语。如:
This is my friend Harry(同位语). 这是我的朋友哈利。
We students(同位语) should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
9. 独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如:
He’s a nice person, to be sure(独立). 肯定他是一个好人。
Strange to say(独立), he did pahis exam after all. 说也奇怪,考试他竟然通过了。
英语句子成分基础练习
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B. did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother(A) hasn't(B) done(C) his homework(D).
② People(A) all (B)over the world (C)speak English(D).
③ You must pay good (A)attention(B) to your (C)pronunciation(D).
④ How many new words (A)did (B)you(C) learn(D) last class?
⑤ Some of the students(A) in the school(B) want to go swimming(C), how (D)about you?
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man (A)was(B) feeling(C) very tired(D).
② Why is he(A) worried (B)about (C)Jim(D)?
③ The leaves(A) have (B)turned (C)yellow(D).
④ Soon They(A) all became(B) interested(C) in the subject(D).
⑤ She was (A)the first (B)to learn about (C)it(D).
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They (A)use(B) Mr. Mrs. with the family(C) name(D).
② What (A)is (B)your given(C)name(D)?
③ On the third(A) lap(B)are (C)Class 1 and Class 3(D).
④ I am afraid(A) some(B) people (C)forgot to sweep the floor(D).
⑤ The man(A) downstairs (B)was trying(C) to sleep.(D)
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes (A)the children(B) to read newspapers and books(C) in the reading-room(D).
② He asked(A) her(B) to take the boy (C)out of school(D).
③ She found (A)it (B)difficult(C) to do the work(D).
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There (A)was (B)a big smile (C)on her face(D).
② Every night (A)he heard (B)the noise(C) upstairs(D).
③ He (A)began(B) to learn English(C) when he was eleven(D).
④ The man(A) on the motorbike (B)was(C) travelling to fast(D).
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm(A), Miss (B)Li (C)hurried off(D).
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
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答案
(一) ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二) ① B ② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C
(三) ① D ② D ③ B ④ A ⑤ B
(四) ①D ②B ③D ④C ⑤B
(五) ① C ② C ③ A ④ B ⑤ B
(六) ① C ② C ③ C
(七) ① D ② A ③ D ④ D ⑤ A
(八) ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语
② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语
④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 ⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
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