外语教师联盟每周一
“专项语法难题探微”栏目
（可点击阅读原文查看往期知识点）
本期第二个知识点
非限定性动词
第十八讲
三种被动意义的非谓语形式
作后置定语的区别
先请看以下三个例句：
This is a problem discussed.
This is a problem being discussed.
This is a problem to be discussed.
从语法形式上看,这三种结构都属动词非谓语形式,均用作后置定语,但细加区别,第一句中的discussed是过去分词;第二句中的being discussed是现在分词的被动式;第三句中的to be discussed是动词不定式被动式。
从内容上看,它们都表示被动意义,但各自有其特殊含义,这主要表现在时间概念上第一句中的过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义,先于谓语的动作，第二句中的现在分词被动式表示现在正在进行的动作，第三句中的不定式被动式表示未来的动作。
这从下面的转换中可以看出：
1.This is a problem discussed.=This is a problem which was discussed.)
这是一个已讨论了的问题。
2.This is a problem being discussed.(This is a problem which is being discussed.)
这是一个正在讨论的问题。
3.This is a problem to be discussed.(This is a problem which is to be discussed.)
这是一个将要讨论的问题。
再看几例:
1.He is reading the short stories written by Lu Xun
(=He is reading the short stories which were written by Lu Xun.)
他在读鲁迅写的短篇小说。
2.The professor being talked about will be here tomorrow.
(=The professor who is being talked about will be here tomorrow.)
人们在谈论的那位教授明天将到这儿来。
3.Another agreement to be signed tomorrow will concern technical co-operation.
(=Another agreement which is to be signed tomorrow will concern technical co-operation.)
明天将签订的另一项协定是关于技术合作的。
以上是非谓语动词被动式作后置定语的一般用法。在实际应用中,非谓语动词被动式还有一些现象需要注意。
A
过去分词结构作后置定语时,有时候并不强调发生在谓语动作之前的动作,而是表示一种反复出现的经常性动作或状态。这时,过去分词只是单纯表示被动意义,只相当于谓语为一般现在时态的定语从句。
例如 :
1.Many kinds of ants milk little bugs called an cows.
(=Many kinds of ants milk little bugs that are called an core.)
许多种蚂蚁会吮吸一种称为蚁牛的小虫子的液汁吃。
2.As phosphorus is easy to burn, it should be kept in a bottle filled with water.
(=As phosphorus is easy to burn，it should be kept in a bottle which is filled with water.)
磷易于燃烧所以要放在盛满水的瓶子里。
3.Things seen are mightier than things heard.
(=Things that are seen are mightier than things that are heard.)
百闻不如瓜
B
过去分词作后置定语时,表示的动作间或可发生在谓语动作之后。这时,过去分词往往是非 限定性的,可转换为一个非限制性定语从句。
例如 :
1.There John met a Soviet merchant，later identified as an officer in the KGB.(=There John met a Soviet merchant who was later identified as an officer in the KGB.)
约翰在那里遇到个苏联商人，后查明是克格勃官员。
2.The first person he saw was Bosinney himself, seated in a corner，staring out of the window .
(=The first person he saw was Bosinney himself, who was seated in a corner, staring out of the window.)
他看到的第一个人是波希尼本人，他坐在一个角落里，凝视着窗外。
C
现在分词被动式作后置定语时，除可以表示现在正在进行的动作外，还可以表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作。
例如:
The electric generator being installed then was supposed to be of the latest type.
(=The electric generator that was being installed then was supposed to be of the latest type.)
那时在安装的一台发电机被认为是最新型的。
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