语法复习专题九——非谓语动词
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1
非谓语动词的句法功能注意的几个问题
2
动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题
(1)不定式作表语与“be to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。
例如:
His job is to guard. (说明内容)
be to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)
(2)带不定式作宾语的词语。
下列词语常不定式作宾语:afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。
下列动词后可接疑问词 不定式:
teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。
(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。
①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况:
主语 ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like sb.to do sth.
③主语 think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/
consider / feel sb. to be/ to have done
④主语 call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for sb. to do sth.
(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:
chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。
②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
例如:
There is no one to look after her.
③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
例如:
She is now looking for a room to live in.
(5)不定式作状语的用法。
不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
例如:
We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .
in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such 名词… as to do作结果状语,
例如:
The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
(6)不定式的完成时的特殊用法。
①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
例如:The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。
此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别。
例如:
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.
对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。
(A)should like to / would like to / would love to 不定式的完成时。
(B)was / were to 不定式的完成时,表示该做某事或想做但未实现。
(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish 不定式完成时,表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
(7)不定式的省略。
①同一结构并列由and或or连接。
例如:
I want to finish my homework and go home.
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
特例:
To be or not to be,this is a question.
He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)
②不定式作表语,其前面的主语从句中含有do时,后面的to省略。
例如:
What he did was lose the game.
③句中含有动词do时,but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。
例如:
Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.
④主句含有不定式,后面有rather than, rather than后省to。
⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。
例如:
He could not but walk home.
(8)不定式的替代。
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或主补,宾补的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式,后应该保留原形be或have。
例如:
Susan is not what she used to be.
You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.
I know I ought to have.
常见的有:
I’d like / love / be happy to.
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3
动名词复习中应注意的几个问题
①may/might表示可能,但may比might可能性大。
例如:
Why isn’t he in class?
He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大)
He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)
②may/might表示“允许”,may用于现在时或将来时,might常用在间接引语中表过去时,但might也可用于现在时间,表示比较委婉的语气,回答用may。
例如:
He says we may leave.
He said we might leave.
③may / might 表示建议或请求,但might比may 更客气,意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。
例如:
May / Might I use your bike?
Yes, you can / may.
No, you mustn’t
4
分词复习应注意的几个问题
(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等)
例如:
Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.
Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.
②原因状语
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note
③伴随状语
The girls came in, following their parents.
④结果状语
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
注
意
事
项
现在分词作状语的几个特性。
①时间性。
与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时,如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。
②语态性。
与句子的主语之间的关系,是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行,被动完成”。
③人称一致性。
分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
(2)分词作表语。
S. be 动词-ed表示被动,主语是人;S. be 动词-ing表示主动,主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别:
感官动词 动词原形→做了某事
S. 宾语 现在分词→正在做某事
使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做
5
复习过去分词应注意的几个问题
过去分词作状语,相当于一个状语从句,有来说明原因、时间、条件等。
(1)过去分词作原因状语
例如:
Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.
= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.
Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.
=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.
(2)作时间状语
例如:
Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.
=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.
(3)作条件状语
Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.
=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.
(4)伴随状语
The teacher came in, followed by some students.
=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.
分词短语作状语时,通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构。
例如:
Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.
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