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TE||​ Credit-default swaps

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信用违约掉期 Credit-default swaps

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听力|精读|翻译|词组

 Credit-default swaps

信用违约掉期

英文部分选自经济学人Finance and economics版块

Where it’s due

何处是归宿

A bondholder finds a sneaky way to trigger insurance against default

债券持有人悄然触发违约保险

IN 2013 Codere, a Spanish gaming firm, owed money it could not repay. Its bonds were trading at just over half face value. Blackstone, a private-equity firm, offered it a cheap $100m loan. But there was a catch. Blackstone had bought credit derivatives on Codere’s debt that would pay out about €14m ($19m) if Codere missed a bond payment. So Codere delayed a payment by a couple of days to prompt a “technical default”. Blackstone got its payout; Codere got its loan and stayed afloat.

2013年,西班牙游戏公司Codere债台高筑,无力偿还。其债券交易价格跌到了面值的一半。私募股权公司黑石集团向Codere提供了一亿美元的廉价贷款,但这是个小伎俩。Blackstone之前已经买了基于Codere债券的信用衍生品,如果Codere未能偿付债券,这组信用衍生品将会产生1400万欧元(1900万美元)的罚款。所以Codere延期偿付债券触发了一次“技术性违约”。黑石集团得到了衍生品赔偿,而Codere获得贷款得以存活。

On the satirical “Daily Show”, Jon Stewart, the then host, likened the scheme to the insurance fraud in “Goodfellas”, in which mobsters insure a restaurant before blowing it up. But that missed an important point. Blackstone did not blow Codere up—quite the opposite. As it said at the time, it “provided capital when no one else would, which allowed the company to live and fight another day”. The investors who sold Blackstone credit-derivative contracts had in effect bet that Codere would not go bankrupt. Without the loan, it probably would have. Those investors would still have paid for their error.

在“每日秀”(讽刺类脱口秀节目)上,当时的主持人Jon Stewart把这种计谋比做了电影Goodfellas(盗亦有道)里的保险欺诈,黑社会成员会在把餐馆炸毁之前承保这餐厅。但是这种说法疏忽了一个重点。截然相反,Blackstone并没有毁了Codere。按照当时的说法,它“在没人愿意接盘的时候向Codere提供了资金,从而使得这家公司能够继续存活并战斗下去”。卖给黑石集团信用衍生合同的投资人实际上是在对赌Codere不会破产。没有那笔贷款的话,Codere确实可能会破产。这些投资者可能得继续为他们的错误买单。

Those machinations pale in comparison with Blackstone’s latest financial wizardry. In 2017 Blackstone bought $333m-worth of credit derivatives on Hovnanian, an American construction firm. It offered Hovnanian cheap financing on condition that it trigger those derivatives to pay out. But Hovnanian is in better shape than Codere. Though its bonds are junk-rated, it is hardly flirting with bankruptcy.

这些诡计与黑石集团最近的金融伎俩相比,未免相形见绌。2017年Blackstone买了一家美国建筑公司Hovnanian的价值3.33亿美元的的信用衍生品。如果Hovnanian触发这些衍生品的生效条件,Blackstone就提供给它廉价的贷款。但是Hovnanian的经营状况要比Codere更好一些。虽然其债券属于垃圾级别,但与破产倒还相去甚远。

That posed two problems. The first is that missing a payment would harm Hovnanian’s image. But Blackstone found an ingenious workaround. A condition of the financing was that a subsidiary of Hovnanian bought $26m of its bonds. On May 1st Hovnanian paid other bondholders but defaulted on those held by the subsidiary.

那就造成了两个问题。首先,延期偿债会损害Hovnanian公司的形象。但黑石集团找到了一个巧妙的解决办法,即让Hovnanian的子公司购买了2600万美元的债券来实现融资的目的。5月1日,Hovnanian偿还了其他债权人债务,但是违约了子公司债券持有人。

The second problem is trickier. The derivatives, called credit-default swaps (CDSs), pay the difference between the notional value of a bond and the lowest price at which any of the company’s bonds is trading when the CDS is triggered. This is usually a good proxy for the haircut investors would have to take after a firm’s bankruptcy. If it can pay back only half its debt, its bonds should be trading at around half face value, and the CDS will cover the rest. That makes sense when a company actually defaults, and all bond claims fall due.

第二个问题更棘手。信用违约掉期(CDSs)衍生工具弥补了债券的名义价值和触发信用违约掉期时任何公司债券交易最低价格之间的差异。这对于在公司破产后投资者必须承担的价值折扣来说,是个利好指标。如果公司只能偿还一半的债务,其债券应该以大约一半的面值交易,而信用违约掉期将弥补其余部分。这对于一家公司实际违约,并且所有债券的债权到期是有意义的。

信用违约互换(credit default swap,CDS):国外债券市场中最常见的信用衍生产品。 实际上是在一定期限内,买卖双方就指定的信用事件进行风险转换的一个合约。信用风险保护的买方在合约期限内或在信用事件发生前定期向信用风险保护的卖方就某个参照实体的信用事件支付费用,以换取信用事件发生后的赔付 。(百度百科)

Hovnanian required a different approach. Bonds are usually issued “at par”, meaning investors get back the face value at the end of the term. In the meantime, they receive interest (the coupon). The coupon depends partly on how confident investors are that the loan will eventually be repaid in full.

Hovnanian需要一种不同的方法。债券通常是“按面值”发行的,这意味着投资者在到期日收回面值,并且他们收到利息(息票)。息票部分取决于投资者对贷款最终能够得到全部偿还的自信程度。

The coupon:息票。原指旧时的债券票面的一部分,债券持有人可将其剪下,在债券付息日携至债券发行人处要求兑付当期利息。现在发行的债券多采用电子化形式,但票面利率仍被用来表示债券的利率。息票一般每6个月为一期,息票到期时,从债券上剪下来凭以领取本期的利息。息票利率(Coupon Rate)是指印制在债券票面上的固定利率,是债券在发行时确定的利率。息票率可以是固定、浮动或零息率。

If all Hovnanian’s bonds had been trading close to par, then a technical default would have resulted in a tiny payout. And indeed, most were. But Blackstone’s cheap financing took the form of buying a 22-year bond Hovnanian had recently issued with a 5% coupon—a combination of interest and term that even the bluest of blue-chips could not issue at par. Trading at less than half face value, it is the reference against which Blackstone’s CDS will be valued.

如果Hovnanian的债券都是接近面值交易,那么接下来的技术性违约应该是导致小额违约支出。确实,大多数债券也是如此。黑石集团提供的廉价贷款,采取的方式为:购买了Hovnanian最近发行的22年期债券,票面利率为5%,在这样的利率和期限组合下,即使是最蓝的蓝筹公司也做不到平价发行。低于1/2面值的触发价格, 为Blackstone信贷违约掉期(CDS)衍生品估值提供参照。

Those who must pay out are, unsurprisingly, irked. One regulator thinks they have a point. America’s Commodity Futures Trading Commission suggests technical default may count as market manipulation. But company CDSs fall under the Securities and Exchange Commission, which has said nothing. Courts, so far, have upheld the actions of Hovnanian and Blackstone. One of the CDS sellers, Solus Asset Management, a hedge fund, was denied an injunction to stop the technical default. Blackstone says it remains “highly confident” that its arrangement with Hovnanian is “fully compliant with the long-standing rules of this market”.

毫无疑问,这激怒了那些必须大额赔偿的人。一名监管认为他们这样的反应不无道理。美国商品期货交易委员会表明技术性违约可以算作市场操纵。但公司CDS属于美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的管辖范围,SEC未发表任何声明。到目前为止,法院一直支持Hovnanian和黑石集团的所作所为。经营对冲基金的索路斯资产管理公司,作为 CDS的承销商之一,被拒绝使用阻止技术性违约的禁令。黑石集团表示,它“非常确信”其与Hovnanian的协议“完全符合这个市场的长期规则”。

CDSs were intended as a hedge against losses from defaults, not a bet on a firm deciding to trigger them. But Blackstone’s machinations seem to have broken the spirit, rather than the letter, of the rules. Even Bennett Goodman, the boss of its credit-investment arm, has expressed his support for a rewrite. “If people want to change the rules…because they think it makes for a more effective market structure, we are all for it,” he said in March. That would indeed be good, fellas.

CDSs 本来是用于对冲违约损失,而不是致使公司引发违约的赌注。但黑石集团的阴谋似乎违背的并不是条款内容,而是打破了准则的实质。甚至连其信贷投资部门的老板贝内特·古德曼(Bennett Goodman)也支持重新修订准则。他在三月曾说过,“如果人们想要改变这些规定……因为他们认为这会使市场结构更加有效,我们都双手赞成。”朋友们,要真如此,那真是太好了!

翻译组: 

Emily,女,金融民工,经济学人粉丝

Vivian,女,国际商务硕士, 经济学人粉丝

Lucia ,女,翻译学硕士三年制,经济学人粉丝

校核组:

Jasmine, 女 ,税收专业, 经济学人粉丝

Alan,男,金融工程硕士,经济学人粉丝

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观点|评论|思考

本次观点

由ANU finance在读研究生Leon全权执笔

首先记住一句话:往往投资和赌博的差别就是,投资的人知道如何转移赌博的风险。

Credit Default Swaps(下文简称CDS),即信仰违约互换。作为国外债券市场上最常见的信用衍生品,基础的CDS架构涉及三个主体,分别为参照实体(reference obligation),信用风险保护的买方(protection buyer)以及信用风险保护的卖方(protection seller)。知道了三个主体便更有助于我们更好的理解CDS所设计的风险转移结构。

在CDS交易中,买方定期向卖方支付信用违约互换点差,而当参照实体一旦触及违约事件,买方则有权力将债券以面值出售给CDS的卖方,从而买方可以有效规避了参照实体的潜在的违约风险,而财务状况不佳的参照实体也可以获得资金注入维持生产经营。

倘若最后参照实体没有触及违约,那么信用保障购买方损失的仅为按期支付的固定费用,来获取信用保障提供方所提供的潜在保障,即支付参照实体的违约损失的承诺。倘若最后参照实体触及了违约,那么信用保障购买方获得则是以很小的按期支付的固定保费,来实现整债权的收回。

简单来说就是,A向B借钱,借钱总有风险,因此B像C支付固定费用来获取C的保障。即如果A违约,那么C要向B支付A欠B的钱。如果A没有违约,那么C则获取B的保费,B则获取A的欠款,A则获取B的资金注入,皆大欢喜。更复杂的是C还可以将CDS打包后再卖给其他信用保障买方,这样的话风险便层层传递下去,在涉及各个主体的同时,而CDS另外一个优势便是该风险分担机制,由于在风险转移的过程中,由于涉及的层面越广,那么市场个体分摊的信用风险则越小,从而市场整体的系统性风险可降低。但是当某个事物与投机沾边后,其所带来的正面效应也可变成负面效应。

金融危机后备受指责的也是这个曾经备受推崇的金融创新,CDS。原本用来缓解投资者忧虑,增强市场流动性的CDS被许多机构用作做空的工具,即这些机构看住某家公司的债券无法按时兑现本息,违约几率很大,那么这些机构在大肆买入该公司债券的CDS,即在市场上寻找信用保障卖方,等到该公司违约的话,信用保障的买方即机构便可以债卷的面值,付出的代价仅仅是其向信用保障卖方所支付的固定费用。

实际上CDS最早出现在1993年,也算不上金融创新。但是当人们逐渐熟悉其规则和架构后,其发展迅速,最后也成为了部分投机的工具。

风险是不会被消除的,只能被转移。而往往投资和赌博的差别就是,投资的人知道如何转移赌博的风险。

PS:关于CDS在文章TE||The more things change 也有具体讲到过,大家有兴趣的可以去看一下。

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现有一经济学人大群,如果您也有兴趣,可联系小编WeChat : foxwulihua。大群的规则如下:

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