定语从句是高中课本中的重点和难点,而“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句尤其复杂. 1.简单介词+关系代词 在这种结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当“介词+which”,因此常相互交替使用.When=on/in/by+which,where=at/in/from+which,why=for which.eg: ①There are occasions when(on which)one must yield. ②Beijing is the place where (=in which )I was born. ③Is this the reason why (=for which)he refused our offer? 介词的选择要三方面考虑:一是考虑定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配;二是考虑先行词与从句中的动词关系和所表达的含义;三是考虑先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义.eg: ①Do you know the teacher with whom Liping just shook hands? (with来自于动词短语 shake hands with) ②There are fifty students in our class ,of whom Tom is the most deligent. (of表示部分和整体的关系) ③He invented a machine ,with which he could harvest rice .(with表工具) “简单介词+关系代词”结构中介词的位置大致分三种情况:1)介词放在关系代词前 2)介词在从句谓语动词后 3)介词既可放在关系代词前,又可放在从句谓语动词后. 1)介词与先行词构成固定搭配的介词短语时,介词须放在指代先行词的关系代词前.如: ①This is the desk on which I found my book.(关系代词指代先行词the desk ,并且与介词on构成介词短语on the desk, 作从句地点状语) ②Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose. (介词to 与先行词degree 构成固定短语to the/some degree ) ③There was a time in history during which the blacks were treated as slaves. (介词during与先行词a time构成介词短语) ④I don’t like the way in which he treats us. (先行词为表方式的名词the way 且在定语从句中作状语时,关系词还可用that或省略关系词,而不只看固定搭配的介词短语in the way,此情况较特殊.) 2)介词须放在从句谓语动词后.这种情况下介词与定语从句的谓语动词连用构成固定的动词短语.如: ①He is the man (who/whom/that)I’m looking for. (此句中定语从句的谓语动词是固定短语look for,介词for与look不能分开,因此介词for不能提到关系代词前). ②He is the child whom my grandma has been taking care of . ③This is the letter which I’m looking forward to. 以上②③中固定动词短语take care of,look forward to 的介词of,to同样不可提到关系代词前). 3)当介词可与先行词构成短语搭配,也可与定语从句的谓语动词连用构成动词短语时,介词位置可放在关系代词前,也可放在从句谓语动词后.如: ①Do you know the person(who/whom/that) I talked to just now?=Do you know the person to whem I talked just now? (介词to 既可与先行词 the person 构成 to the person ,又可与从句谓语动词talk 构成talk to,因此to的位置可前可后) ②The English play in which my studerts acted at the New year’s party was a great success. =The English play (which/that) my students acted in at the New year’s party was a great success. (介词in的位置同理有两种) 特别注意:介词位置的不同,会对关系代词产生一些微妙的作用.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,介词后的关系代词只能用which (指物)或whom(指人).介词若放在关系代词前,关系代词不能省略,若介词出现在从句谓语动词后,则关系代词可以而且常常省略.如上例①② 2.复杂介词+关系代词 在这种结构中,可使用的关系代词有which,whom 和whose,常用的复杂介词有at the back of ,as a result of ,because of ,by means of ,in front of ,in support of ,on account of等.如: ①They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a boy. ②There were some mistakes in my homework,because of which I couldn’t go home. “复杂介词+关系代词”结构中介词匀位于关系代词前. 3.表示部分的词+of+关系代词 在这种结构中,指人的关系代词用whom,指物的用which.表部分的词有one,second,some,many,several,a quarter,half等,如: ①We have got 16 medals,most of which were won by women. ②Some students in our class are studying abroad,three of whom are girls. 4.the+名词+of+关系代词 在这种结构中,关系代词只能用which,它表示的是一种所有关系.我们也可以用“whose+名词”和“of which the+名词”来代替.如: ①I have read the novel,the tittle of which (whose tittle /of which the tittle) is Red and Black.我读过名叫《红与黑》的小说. ②I live in the house ,the window of which(whose window/of which the window)faces south.我住的房子窗户朝南. 5. 简单介词+关系代词+名词 这种结构中关系代词可使用which 和whose .选择介词时要考虑关系代词后的名词以及整个句子的意义.如 ①The boss in whose department Mr.king worked had heard atout the accident. ②This is the editor for whose magazine LiMing writes. ③He is a millionare with whose money many houses have been built for the poor.
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