冬奥专栏
冬
奥
项
目
今日介绍第一大项“滑雪（Skiing）”的6个分项——高山滑雪（Alpine Skiing）、越野滑雪（Cross-Country Skiing）、跳台滑雪（Ski Jumping）、北欧两项（Nordic Combined）、自由式滑雪 （Freestyle Skiing）和单板滑雪（Snowboard）。
A Brief Introduction to
Winter Olympic Sports (I)
冬奥会运动项目简介（上）
译/孟洁冰
Alpine Skiing
高山滑雪
Alpine skiing, skiing technique that evolved during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the mountainous terrain of the Alps in central Europe. Modern Alpine competitive skiing is divided into the so-called speed and technical events, the former comprising downhill skiing and the supergiant slalom, or super-G, and the latter including the slalom and giant slalom. The speed events are contested in single runs down long, steep, fast courses featuring few and widely spaced turns. The technical events challenge the skier’s ability to maneuver over courses marked by closely spaced gates through which both skis must pass; winners are determined by the lowest combined time in two runs on two different courses. The Alpine combined event consists of a downhill and a slalom race, with the winner having the lowest combined time.
高山滑雪是19世纪末到20世纪初在欧洲中部阿尔卑斯山区形成的滑雪技术。现代高山滑雪比赛分为速度系列和技术系列，速度系列包括滑降和超级大回转，技术系列包括回转和大回转。速度系列以单次滑行成绩决出名次，赛道距离长、坡度陡、速度快、转弯少而幅度大。技术系列考验选手的滑行技巧，要求双板必须穿过赛道上紧密排列的旗门；选手要采用两条不同的路线，两次滑行成绩相加后，用时最少的选手为获胜者。全能赛包括滑降和回转赛，成绩累计后用时最少的选手获得冠军。
中国队参赛名单：孔凡影、张洋铭
（高山滑雪是中国队的弱项。中国队只获得了国际滑雪联合会分配的男女各一个参赛名额。）
Cross-Country Skiing
越野滑雪
Cross-country skiing is the oldest type of skiing. It emerged from a need to travel over snow-covered terrain and developed as a sport at the end of the 19th century. It is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance. Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including alpine skiing, ski jumping and Telemark skiing. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow. The men’s event debuted at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 and the women’s event debuted at the 1952 Oslo Games.
越野滑雪是最古老的滑雪方式，源于人类雪地旅行的需要，在19世纪末发展成为一项体育运动。这项运动需要选手依靠自己的滑行翻过雪坡，而不是借助滑雪缆车或其他辅助工具。现代越野滑雪与原始的滑雪方式类似，包括高山滑雪、跳台滑雪和特里马滑雪在内，所有的滑雪项目都由这项运动演变而来。选手用双手握滑雪杖插入雪地，采用向前跨步（传统式）或侧向滑行（自由式）的方式推动身体前进。1924年的第一届沙莫尼冬奥会上，男子越野滑雪首次成为正式比赛项目，女子项目在1952年奥斯陆冬奥会上首次出现。
中国队参赛名单：李馨、池春雪、孙清海、王强
（2018年1月，凭借积分赛的出色表现，中国越野滑雪队成功拿到了四张平昌冬奥会入场券。目前中国越野滑雪队在冬奥会上还不具备夺牌实力。）
Ski Jumping
跳台滑雪
Ski jumping is a winter sport which was firstly contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and it has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924, while the first women’s event at the Olympics has been held in 2014.
跳台滑雪是19世纪末起源于挪威的冬季运动，1924年以来被列入历届冬奥会的比赛项目，2014年冬奥会首次加入女子项目。
The ski jumping venue consists of the jumping ramp (in-run), take-off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed. The distance score is related to the construction point (also known as the K-point), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a “target” for the competitors to reach. The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points.
跳台滑雪场地由滑道（助滑道）、起跳台和着陆区组成。裁判根据飞行距离和完成姿势对选手每次跳跃进行评分。飞行距离的分数与着陆点（K点）有关，这条线位于着陆区，是比赛选手需要达到的“标准”。每位裁判对完成姿势的最高给分为20分。
中国队参赛名单：常馨月
（中国选手在往届冬奥会取得的最好成绩是李洋在2006年都灵冬奥会获得的男子跳台滑雪第44名。2018年1月，常馨月获得平昌冬奥会女子跳台滑雪参赛资格，成为中国跳台滑雪历史上首次打进冬奥会的女运动员，取得历史性突破。）
Nordic Combined
北欧两项
This sport, which has a long Olympic history, combines ski jumping and cross country skiing.
北欧两项由跳台滑雪和越野滑雪组成，是历史悠久的奥运比赛项目。
Nordic combined individual events have featured in every Games since the first Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924. Unsurprisingly, the sport has been dominated by the Norwegians, supported by the Finns. Indeed, it was not until 1960 that the Nordic grip on Olympic triumphs in this discipline was finally broken when West German Georg Thoma won the gold medal at Squaw Valley in 1960. In the early-2010s the International Ski Federation sanctioned no women’s competitions. However it was decided in early-November 2016 that women’s competitions were to be established at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022.
1924年第一届沙莫尼冬季奥运会以来，北欧两项个人赛被列入历届冬奥会的比赛项目。当然，这项运动是挪威选手优势项目，也是芬兰选手的体育强项。事实上，直到1960年西德选手格奥尔格·托马在斯阔谷冬奥会上赢得了金牌，才最终打破了北欧选手对该项目奥运会冠军的垄断。2010年代初，国际滑雪联合会还没有批准设立该项目女子组的比赛。不过在2016年11月初，该组织决定将于2022年冬奥会将女子北欧两项正式列入比赛项目。
（中国队未获得平昌冬奥会参赛资格。）
Freestyle Skiing
自由式滑雪
Freestyle skiing combines speed, showmanship and the ability to perform aerial manoeuvres whilst skiing. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins, and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. It is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, as well as many other names around the world.
自由式滑雪是结合速度、表现力和空中技巧能力的滑雪运动，要求选手完成空翻和转体动作，或穿着滑雪板在由铁轨、箱子等构成的赛道上比赛。自由式滑雪通常被称为花式滑雪、极搏，在全球各地也有许多其他名称。
Forms of freestyle skiing include Aerial skiing, Mogul skiing, Ski ballet, Ski cross, Half-pipe skiing, and Slopestyle.
自由式滑雪项目包括空中技巧、雪上技巧、雪上芭蕾、障碍追逐、U型场地技巧和坡面障碍技巧。
As for equipment, twin-tip skis are used in events such as slopestyle and half-pipe. Mogul skis are used in moguls and sometimes in aerials. Specially designed racing skis are used in ski cross. Ski bindings took a major design change to include plate bindings mounted to the bottom of the skiers boot to allow for multi-directional release.
在滑雪装备方面，花式滑雪板用于坡面障碍技巧和U型场地技巧等项目。而雪丘滑雪板用于雪上技巧，有时也用于空中技巧。特殊设计的竞技滑雪板用于障碍追逐。滑雪板固定器进行了重要的设计调整，把板式固定器安装到选手雪靴的底部，可以从多个方向进行脱卸。
中国队参赛名单：
空中技巧——徐梦桃、张鑫、孔凡钰、颜婷、齐广璞、贾宗洋、王心迪、刘忠庆
雪上技巧——王金、关子妍
U型场地技巧——张可欣、吴梦、柴洪、毛秉强、孔祥芮
（自由式滑雪是中国队在平昌冬奥会有望夺金的项目。尤其是空中技巧方面，徐梦桃、齐广璞和贾宗洋均实力不俗。）
Snowboard
单板滑雪
Snowboarding, winter sport with roots in skiing, surfing, and skateboard¬ing where the primary activity is riding down any snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard with feet positioned roughly perpendicular to the board and its direction, further differentiating it from skiing, in which riders face forward. Moreover, no poles are used as in skiing, and the majority of participants wear not hard but soft-to mid-flexing boots for support.
单板滑雪是源于滑雪、冲浪和滑板的冬季运动，主要利用滑雪板从雪坡上滑降，选手双脚站立的位置与滑雪板和滑行方向呈垂直状，这使它与滑雪区别开来，滑雪选手正对前方。此外，单板滑雪不使用雪杖，大多数选手不穿硬鞋，而是穿着软鞋或硬度适中的鞋提供支撑。
Men’s and women’s snowboarding made their Olympic debuts at the Nagano Games in 1998 with giant slalom and half-pipe competitions. The discipline proved an instant success and returned to Salt Lake City four years later with parallel giant slalom and half-pipe competitions. In Turin, snowboard cross also made its debut. In this event four riders race across a course studded with jumps, bumps and huge turns.
在1998年长野冬奥会上，男子单板滑雪和女子单板滑雪首次被列入比赛项目，进行了大回转和U型场地技巧比赛。这个项目很快获得了成功，并在四年后的盐湖城冬奥会上进行了平行大回转和U型场地技巧比赛。在都灵冬奥会上，单板滑雪越野赛首次亮相。在越野赛中，四名选手要穿过分布着跳跃点、雪丘和急转弯的赛道。
中国队参赛名单：
U型场地技巧——刘佳宇、蔡雪桐、李爽、邱冷、张义威、史万成
平行大回转——宫乃莹、臧汝心、徐小小
（今日截稿前，世锦赛冠军刘佳宇以89.75分获得了女子U型场地技巧的银牌，为中国代表团获得平昌冬奥会第一枚奖牌，这也是中国选手在该项目中首次登上奥运领奖台。）
（中英对照部分选自《英语世界》冬奥增刊）
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