Anatomical Position And Directional Terms
解剖学姿势和方位术语
Anatomical directional terms.
解剖学方位术语
A directional language of anatomy exists in order to minimize confusion when discussing areas or specific points on the body. This directional language or terminology is used in reference to the anatomical position.
解剖学方位语言可以在我们讨论身体区域或特定部位时，避免混淆。方位语言或术语的使用与解剖学姿势有关。
The anatomical position is when a person stands erect, face pointing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward and feet also pointing forward.
解剖学姿势是身体直立，面向前方，上肢垂于躯干两侧，手掌朝向前方，足尖向前。
If everyone is looking at the body in the exact same position, there will be less confusion when discussing anything related to anatomy.
如果我们都以完全相同的姿势观察身体，则在讨论解剖学相关问题时会减少一些混乱。
We are going to start with superior and inferior.
首先，我们看一下“上”和“下”。
Superior means toward the head, but it can also mean upper or above. Inferior means toward the feet, but it can also mean lower or below.
“上”指靠近头部，但它也指“上方”或“在....上面”。“下”指靠近足部，但它也指“下方”或“在....下面”。
So we would say the heart is located superior to the small intestine, or we could say the small intestine is located inferior to the heart.
我们可以说，“心脏位于小肠上”，或者我们可以说，“小肠位于心脏下。”
Next is anterior and posterior.
下一组是“前”和“后”。
Anterior means further to the front, or in front of. Posterior means further to the back, or in back of.
“前”指“靠近前面”或“在......前面”。“后”指“靠近后面”或“在.....后面。”
So, we would say the sternum is anterior to the heart, and the heart is posterior to the sternum.
我们可以说，“胸骨在心脏前面，心脏在胸骨后面。”
Sometimes the terms ventral and dorsal are used in place of anterior and posterior, where ventral means anterior and dorsal means posterior. Anterior and posterior can also be used to describe how you are looking at the body.
有时，我们使用术语“腹侧”和“背侧”替代“前”和“后”，“腹侧”指“前”，“背侧”指“后”。“前”和“后”也可以用于描述观察身体的方式。
While the body will always be referenced from the anatomical position, it can be viewed from an anterior view, meaning looking at the body from the front, and it can be viewed from the posterior view, meaning looking at it from the back.
虽然身体总是参考解剖学姿势，但它可以以前视图（即从前面观察身体）和后视图（即从后面观察身体）观察身体。
Medial and lateral are another set of directional terms. Medial means toward the midline of the body, and lateral means toward the side of the body, or away from the midline of the body. Where the midline is an imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves.
“内侧”和“外侧”是另一组方位术语。“内侧”指靠近身体中线，“外侧”指靠近身体侧面，或远离身体中线。中线是一条假想线，它将身体分为左右两半。
So, we would say that the heart lies medial to the lungs, or you could say that the lungs lie lateral to the heart. Lateral can also be used to describe how you are looking at the body. While the body will always be referenced from the anatomical position, it can be viewed from a lateral view, meaning looking at the body from the side.
我们可以说，“心脏在肺内侧”，或者可以说，“肺在心脏外侧。”外侧也可以用于描述我们观察身体的方式。虽然身体总是参考解剖学姿势，但它可以以侧视图观察，即从外侧观察身体。
Next is proximal and distal.
下一组是“近端”和“远端”。
Proximal and distal are terms that are usually used when describing parts of the appendicular body. Remember that the axial body consists of the head, neck and trunk, and the appendicular body consists of the limbs or appendages that are added to the axial body.
“近端”和“远端”是描述附肢各部分时常使用的术语。注意，中轴包含头部、颈部和躯干，附肢由附在中轴的四肢或附属肢体组成。
Proximal means closer to the axial body, or toward the trunk of the body and distal means further from the axial body, or further from the trunk of the body.
“近端”指靠近中轴，或朝向身体躯干，“远端”指远离中轴，或者远离身体躯干。
So, we would say the thigh is proximal to the foot, or you could say the foot is distal to the thigh.
我们可以说，“大腿在足部近端”，或者可以说，“足部在大腿远端。”
Superficial and deep are another set of directional terms.
“浅”和“深”是另一组方位术语。
Superficial means closer to the surface of the body, and deep means further away from the surface of the body.
“浅”指靠近体表，“深”指远离体表。
So, we would say the sternum is superficial to the lungs, or the lungs are deep to the sternum.
我们可以说，“胸骨在肺浅表部”，或者“肺在胸骨深部”。
Remember this is the case when we are looking at the body from the front or anterior view, when it is in the anatomical position. And that, be the anatomical directional terms.
注意，参考解剖学姿势，当我们从前面或前视图观察身体时，就是这样。这些就是解剖学方位术语。
（上滑查看双语字幕）
1. 人体解剖学姿势
人的标准解剖学姿势是：身体直立，面向前方，上肢垂于躯干两侧，手掌朝向前方，足尖向前。
2. 常用解剖学方位术语
“上（superior）”指靠近头部；
“下（ inferior）”指靠近足部；
“前（anterior）”指“靠近前面”或“在......前面”；
“后（posterior）”指“靠近后面”或“在.....后面”；
“腹侧（ventral）”指“前”；
“背侧（ dorsal）”指“后”；
“内侧（Medial）”指靠近身体中线；
“外侧（lateral）”指靠近身体侧面，或远离身体中线；
“近端（proximal）”指靠近身体躯干；
“远端（distal）”指远离身体躯干；
“浅（superficial）”指靠近体表；
“深（deep）”指远离体表。
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