最新（2013秋）人教版八年级上册英语知识点
Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?
一、重要短语归纳
1.go on vacation去度假 2.stay at home待在家里
3.go to the mountains去爬山 4.go to the beach去海滩
5.visit museums 参观博物馆 6.go to summer camp去参观夏令营
7.quite a few相当多 8.study for为……而学习
9.go out出去 10.most of the time大部分时间
11.taste good尝起来很好吃 12.come up出来,发生
13.of course当然 14.feel like给……的感觉；感受到
15.go shopping去购物 16.in the past在过去
17.walk around四处走走 18.because of因为
19.one bowl of… 一碗…… 20.the next day第二天
21.drink tea喝茶 22.find out找出；查明
23.go on继续 24.take photos照相
25.something important重要的事 26.up and down上上下下
27.have a good time玩得高兴=enjoy oneself=have great fun
二、惯用法
1.buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物
2.taste adj. 尝起来……
3.look adj. 看起来……
4.nothing…but 动词原形 除了……之外什么都没有
5.Seem （to be） adj. 看起来……
6.arrive in 大地点 / arrive at 小地点 到达某地
7.decide to do sth.决定去做某事
8.try doing sth.尝试做某事 / try to do sth.尽力去做某事
9.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事
10.enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事
11.want to do sth.想去做某事
12.start doing sth.开始做某事
14.stop doing sth. 停止做某事
15.dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
16.keep doing sth.继续做某事
17.Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？
18.so adj. that 从句 如此……以至于……
19.tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事
三、词语辨析
1.anywhere 与 somewhere
共同点：两者都是不定副词。
不同点：anywhere，“在任何地方”，常用于否定句和疑问句中。I can’t find it anywhere.
somewhere，“在某处，到某处”，常用于肯定句。 I lost my key somewhere near here.
2.与seem有关的句式
1）seem 形容词 “看起来…..” You seem happy today.
2）seem to do sth. “似乎、好像做某事” I seem to have a cold
3）It seems / seemed 从句 “看起来好像…；似乎…”. It seems that no one believe you.
4）seem like ….“好像，似乎…..” It seems like a good idea.
3. decide:
1）decide to do sth.决定做某事 They decide to visit the museum.
2）decide 疑问词 动词不定式 He can not decide when to leave.
4. start与begin
共同点：start doing sth = start to do sth. 开始，可与begin 互换 。He started doing his homework.
不同点：但以下几种情况不能用begin：
1）创办，开办： He started a new bookshop last month.
2）机器开动： I can’t start my car.
3）出发，动身： I will start tomorrow morning.
5. over：（prep.）
1）“多于，超过，在…以上（表示数目、程度）”= more than
如：My father is over 40 years old.
2）“在…之上，与物体垂直且不接触”，与 under 相反。
如：There is a map over the blackboard.
3）“超过”： I hear the news over the radio.
4）“遍及”： I want to travel all over the world.
6. too many，too much，much too
1）too many “太多”，后接可数名词复数。
如：Mother bought too many eggs yesterday.
2）too much “太多”，修饰不可数名词或修饰动词作状语。
如：We have too much work to do.
Don’t talk too much.
3）much too “太”，修饰形容词或副词。
如：The hat is much too big for me.
You’re walking much too fast.
小结：分辨三者的口诀： too much, much too, 用法区别看后头： much 后接不可数， too 后修饰形或副。
too many 要记住，后面名词必复数。
7. because：
1）because of 介词短语，“因为，由于”，后接名词、代词或动名词，不能接句子。
如：He can’t take a walk because of the rain.
2）because 连词，“因为”，引导状语从句，表示直接明确的原因或理由。
如：I don’t buy the shirt because it was too expensive.
8.try to do sth.与try doing sth.
try to do sth：尽力做某事；
try doing sth.：尝试做某事。
如：I tried calling him, but no one answered.
I'm trying to learn English well
9.forget to do sth. 与forget doing sth.
1）forget to do sth.忘记将要做的某事
如：Don’t forget to close the window.别忘了关窗户。
2）forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
如：I forget closing the window.我忘记已经关上窗户了。
10.stop doing sth.与stop to do sth.
1）stop to do sth.停下了去做另一件事
如：I stopped to eat。我停下来开始吃东西。
2）stop doing sth.停止做某事
如：I stopped eating。我停止吃东西。
11.something,somebody,someone; anything,anybody,anyone
something,somebody,someone：用于肯定句
anything,anybody,anyone：用于否定句、疑问句或条件句
四、重要句子
1.Where did you go on vacation？你去哪里度假了？
1）这是一个由疑问副词where引导的特殊疑问句。Where用来询问地点或场所，用于句首，其后跟一般疑问句。
如：Where are you from？
Where does he live？
2）go on vacation“去度假 ”
He will go on vacation with his family. 他要和家人一起度假。
2.Did you buy anything special？你买特别的东西了吗？
1）buy，vt，“购买”
如：It takes a lot of money to buy a house.买一座房子要花一大笔钱。
2）buy sth. for sb. =buy sb. sth.为某人买某物
如：My father bought me a bike.
=My father bought a bike for me.
3）anything special“特别的东西”
注意：形容词修饰不定代词要后置
如：Do you want anything else？你还想要其他什么吗？
3.We took quite a few photos there.
1）take photos照相，拍照
如：Could you help me take some photos？
2）quite a few“相当多”，后加可数名词复数
quite a little“相当多”，后加不可数名词
如：There are quite a few people in the restaurant.
There is quite a little water in the bottle.
4.Everything tasted really good.所有的东西尝起来真的很好吃。
taste，连系动词，“尝起来”，其后接形容词构成系表结构。
如：The food tastes really great.
与之类似的词：sound（听起来）,feel（摸起来）,look（看起来）。
5.How did you like it?你觉得它怎么样？
用来询问对方的观点或看法。
=What did you think of it?
=How did you feel about it?
6.Did you go shopping?你们去购物吗？
go shopping“去购物”
拓展：go doing“去做某事”，常用于表达从事某一体育活动或休闲活动。
如：go climbing ; go skating (去滑冰); go hiking ; go sightseeing ; go fishing ; go boating（去划船）
7.I went to a friend's farm in the country with my family.我和家人一起去了乡下一个朋友的农场。
a friend's farm是名词所有格形式，“一个朋友的农场”。
拖展：名词的所有格：
名词的所有格主要表示所属关系，它有两种构成方式，即-’s 所有格和 of 所有格
一）’s格的用法
1）主要用于有生命的名词，其所有格构成为：单数名词后加's；
复数名词以s作结尾的后加'，不以s作结尾的后加's。
总结：复数名词以s结尾加’，其他都加’s
如：Tom's dog, my brother's books, Mary's boyfriend, sheep's skin, your boss’decision.
2）用于表示时间，距离，地点，团体，重量，价格这六类无生命名词的所有格，也要加's表示所有，
如： a day's work(一天的工作)，two miles' distance(两英里的距离), ten dollars' worth, five miles' distance,
twenty pounds' weight，Beijing's future, the government's decision，Japan's industry，the earth’plants.
3）所有格的一个特殊形式：共有物，只在最后一个名词的后面加's，即“共有物，最后加”；
不共有，则每个名词之后都要加's，即“各自有，各自加”；
如：Bill and Hillary’s house. (Bill和Hillary共有的房子)
Bill’s and Hillary’s houses(Bill和Hillary各自的房子)
4）所有格的省略：表示理发店、商店等名词或一些习惯用法，如: the barber's. my sister’s, the tailor’s.
二）of所有格的用法
主要用于无生命的名词，其所有格构成为： “of 名词”的结构。
如：a map of China
8.The only problem was that there was nothing much to do in the evening but read.唯一的问题是晚上除了读书没什么事可做。
nothing adj to do “没什么事可做”
如：I have nothing special to do this afternoon.今天下午我没有什么特殊的事要做。
拓展：nothing but“只有，除..之外什么也没有”；
have nothing to do but do sth.“只能做某事”=have no chance but to do sth.
如：I had nothing but a cup of tea this morning.我今天早上只喝了杯茶。
I had nothing to do but watch TV.w我只能看电视了。
9.Still no one seemed to be bored.仍然没有人看起来无聊。
1）Seem可作不及物动词或连系动词，“好像，似乎，看来”
如：Everything seems easy.
拓展：
Seem的用法：
seem 形容词 “看起来…..” You seem happy today.
seem to do sth. “似乎、好像做某事” I seem to have a cold
It seems / seemed 从句 “看起来好像…；似乎…”. It seems that no one believe you.
④seem like ….“好像，似乎…..” It seems like a good idea.
2）bored,boring辨析
Bored ：“厌倦的；感到无聊的”，一般在句中修饰人，作表语。
Boring：“无趣的；令人厌烦的；单调的”，一般在句中修饰事或物，可作表语和定语。
如：I'm bored with what he said.
I find the story very boring.
10.What did Lisa say about...?
Say about“发表对...的看法”
如：I did't say anything about it.我对此事什么也没说。
11. I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family.今天早上我和家人到达了马来西亚的槟城。
1）arrive，vi，“到达”。
2）arrive in 大地点 ；arrive at 小地点 “到达某地”
如：The books will arrive tomorrow.这些书明天到。
We arrived in Beijing yesterday.我们昨天就到北京了。
I arrived at the train station very early.
12....so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel.因此我们决定到旅馆附近的海滩上去。
1）go to the beach去海滩
2)decide，vt，“决定”，decided to do sth.“决定做某事”
如：They decide to visit the museum.
13.I feel like I was a bird.It was so exciting.我感觉自己就像一只小鸟，太刺激了。
feel like“给...的感觉，感受到”，，其后常接从句。
如：I feel like that I have never been there before.我感觉从来没到过那。
feel like“想要”，，其后可接名词、代词、动名词。
如：Do you feel like a cup of tea now?你现在想要喝茶吗？
14.I really enjoyed walking around the town.我真的很喜欢在镇上到处走走。
enjoy oneself=have a good time=have great fun“玩的高兴，愉快”
如：I enjoyed myself at the party last night.
= I had a good time at the party last night.
=I had great fun at the party last night.
15.What a difference a day makes!一天的变化有多大啊!
本句是 what引导的感叹句。
拓展：感叹句的结构：
1）what a/an （adj） 单数的可数名词 主语 谓语！
2）What （adj ） 复数的可数名词/不可数名词 主语 谓语！
3）How adj/adv 主语 谓语！
如：What a beautiful girl she is!
What hard work it is !
What many flowers there is !
What a pity!
16.We wanted to walk up to shop,but then it started raining a little so we decided to take the train.我们想步行爬到山顶，但是天开始下起了小雨，因此我们决定乘火车去。
1）Want to do sth.
如：I want to clean my bedroom.
2）start doing sth = start to do sth. 开始，可与begin 互换 。如：He started doing his homework.
但以下几种情况不能用begin：
创办，开办： He started a new bookshop last month.
机器开动： I can’t start my car.
出发，动身： I will start tomorrow morning.
3）a little
A little ,a bit区别
①a little：a)可直接修饰不可数名词；
b)作副词短语，“一点儿”，在句中修饰动词、形容词或副词。但a bit后要加of后才可接名词。
②not a little=very much表示“非常”，但not a bit= not at all表示“一点也不”
如：I can draw a little,but only as a hobby.我可以画一点儿画，但是仅仅是个爱好。
It’s a little cold outside.外面有点冷。
He said he spoke a little English.他说他会说一点英语。
4）take the train乘火车
17.We waited over an hour for the train because there were too many people.因为人太多，所以我们等了一个多小时的火车。
1）Wait for “等候”，其后可接人或物。
如：I ‘ll wait for you at the door.
Tom was waiting for a bus over there.
2）over：（prep.）
a）“多于，超过，在…以上（表示数目、程度）”= more than
如：My father is over 40 years old.
b)“在…之上，与物体垂直且不接触”，与 under 相反。
如：There is a map over the blackboard.
c）“超过”： I hear the news over the radio.
d）“遍及”： I want to travel all over the world.
3）too many，too much，much too
a）too many “太多”，后接可数名词复数。
如：Mother bought too many eggs yesterday.
b）too much “太多”，修饰不可数名词或修饰动词作状语。
如：We have too much work to do.
Don’t talk too much.
c）much too “太”，修饰形容词或副词。
如：The hat is much too big for me.
You’re walking much too fast.
小结：分辨三者的口诀： too much, much too, 用法区别看后头： much 后接不可数， too 后修饰形或副。
too many 要记住，后面名词必复数。
18.My father didn’t bring enough money.我爸爸没带足够的钱。
1）bring、take
Bring“带来，拿来”
如：Don’t forget to bring your homework here tomorrow.不要忘了明天吧你的作业带到这来
Take“带走，拿走”
如：We will take the students to the museum.我们将带学生到博物馆去
2）enough
a）形容词，“足够的，充分的”，作定语修饰名词
如：We have enough time to do our homework.
b）副词，“足够地，充分地”，用来修饰形容词或副词，一般置于被修饰词之后
如：I know him well enough我对他足够熟悉。
19.Why not?为什么不呢？
Why not do sth.为什么不做某事呢？
如：Why not go to the party with me?
=Why don’t you go to the party with me?
20.Twenty minutes later, the sun started to come up.20分钟后，太阳开始升起来了。
Come up“出现，发生”
如：Please let me know if anything comes up.如果发生什么事的话，请让我知道。
21.My legs were so tired that I wanted to stop.我的双腿太累了，以至于我都想停下来。
So…that…：“如此…以至于…”，引导结果状语从句，句中的so是副词，常常用该修饰形容词或副词。
拓展：
So that 引导目的状语从句，“以便，为了”
如：He gets up early every morning so that he can catch up the early bus.
五、语法专项
1.复合不定代词
①定义
a)复合不定代词由some; any; no; every和body; thing; one构成的合成词。
即：复合不定代词：something,somebody,someone;
anything,anybody,anyone;
nothing,nobody,no one;
everything,everybody,everyone
b) 它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。
②用法
(1) 受定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。
如：Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。
There was nobody tired. 没有一个人很累。
There is nothing to eat.这里没有吃的东西。
(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their.
如：If anybody /anyone comes, ask him /them to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
(3)anyone, everyone,someone,no one:a)只能指人，不能指物;
b)且其后一般不接of 短语。
c)若是指物或后接 of 短语，可用 any one, every one (即分开写)。
③考点要求
(1)自身的意义以及对句式的要求：构成复合不定代词的两个部分分别表示不同的意义和对句式的要求以及考虑其表人还是表物。
body用来表人；thing用来表物；one既可表人也可表物。
some表示“某”，用于肯定陈述句或用情态动词引导的问句中；
any表示“某”，用于否定句或问句；
no表示“没有”，用于肯定句说明否定意义；
every表示“每一”，用于肯定句或问句。
(2)主谓一致性关系：复合不定代词任何时候都看为单数，作主语时，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。
如：错：Everybody in our class are interested in English.
对：Everybody in our class is interested in English.
(3)定语后置关系：对复合不定代词进行修饰的词语必须后置放在它的后面。
如：错：I have important something to tell you.
对：I have something important to tell you.
(4)none和其它复合不定代词的用法区别：none在句中不能单独作主语，但可同of连用带名词一起作主语；
其它复合不定代词可单独作主语，但不能同of连用。
如：错：He is new here, so none knows him.
对：He is new here, so no one knows him.
错：Nobody of them has been to England before.
对：None of them has been to England before..
(5)代换复合不定代词的人称代词：在使用人称代词代换复合不定代词时，应考虑其表人还是表物。表人时，用they代换；表物时，用it代换。
如：Something is wrong with your computer, isn’t it?
Nobody has been there before, have they?
注意：熟记以下短语搭配
1. anything but 并不，一点也不 2. nothing but仅仅...；只不过...只有…
3. something/anything of（略有；多少） 4. much of（大有）
5. nothing/ little of（全无；毫无） 6. something like（似乎；略微）
如：
①He is something of a philosopher.他略具哲学家风范。
②He has seen something of life. 他略具阅历。
③He is very much of a poet. 他大有诗人气派。
④He is nothing of a musician. 他全无音乐家的风味。
⑤He is little of a scholar. 他几无学者风度。
⑥It shaped something like a cigar. 其形状略似雪茄。
⑦He's anything but diligent.他并不用功。
⑧The boy is nothing but a rascal.这个男孩是个小淘气。
There was nothing but silence in the room. 这间屋内声息全无，一片寂静
补充：
1.second to none独一无二的 2.all to nothing一定
3.for nothing徒劳，免费 4.be nothing to对.....无所谓
5.to say nothing of更谈不到.... 6.go for nothing白费；没有价值
7.have nothing to do but do sth.只能做... 8.there is nothing to do sth.没什么好...
11.nothing but仅仅...；只不过...；只有 12.nothing if not非常...
13.come to nothing没有结果；失败 14.think nothing of认为...算不了什么
15.have nothing to do with和...无关 16.there is nothing in it.那根本没有道理
21.anything but 并不，一点也不 如：He's anything but diligent.他并不用功。
22.nothing adj to do “没什么事可做”
如：I have nothing special to do this afternoon.今天下午我没有什么特殊的事要做。
23.nothing but“只有，除..之外什么也没有”；
24.have nothing to do but do sth.“只能做某事”=have no chance but to do sth.
如：I had nothing but a cup of tea this morning.我今天早上只喝了杯茶。
I had nothing to do but watch TV.w我只能看电视了。
2.一般过去时的规则动词与不规则动词
1）规则变化
①直接加ed：work-- worked
②以e结尾的单词，直接加d：live ---lived
③以辅音字母 y结尾的，变y为i加ed：study---studied
④以元音字母 y结尾的，直接加ed：enjoy ---enjoyed
⑤以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母 ed： stop---stopped
2）不规则变化
现在式 过去式 中文意思 现在式 过去式 中文意思
am, is was 是 may might 可能
are were 是 mean meant 意思是
become became 变成 meet met 遇见，见面
begin began 开始 must must 必须，应该
build built 建筑 put put 放
buy bought 买 read read 阅读
can could 可以 ride rode 琦
catch caught 抓住 run ran 跑
come came 来 say said 说
cut cut 切 see saw 看见
dig dug 挖 sell sold 卖
do, does did 做 send sent 发送
draw drew 画画 set set 放置
drink drank 喝 shake shook 摇晃
drive drove 驾驶 shall should 应该
eat ate 吃 shine shone 照耀
fall fell 落下 show showed 表现，表演
feed fed 喂养 sing sang 唱
feel felt 感觉 sit sat 坐
fight fought 大家 sleep slept 睡觉
find found 寻找到 smell smelt 闻
fly flew 飞 speak spoke 说
get got 得到 spell spelt 拼
give gave 给 stand stood 站
go went 去 swim swam 游泳
has, have had 有，吃 swing swung 荡秋千
hear heard 听见 take took 拿，花费，拍
hold held 握住 teach taught 教
hurt hurt 受伤 tell told 告诉
keep kept 保持 think thought 思考
know knew 知道 throw threw 扔
learn learnt
learned 学习 wake woke
waked 醒来
leave left 离开 wear wore 穿
let let 让 will would 将
light lit
lighted 点燃 win won 赢
lose lost 丢失 write wrote 写
make ma
