文房四宝之【墨】
What do you
know about it?
翠饼宝煤
陈玄松烟
CALLIGRAPHY
这一站
走进文房四宝其一
【墨】
1
定义与材质分类
✦+
+
定义
墨，中国传统文房用具之一，文房四宝之一，是书写、绘画的黑色颜料，后亦包括朱墨和各种彩色墨。
Ink, one of Chinese traditional stationery and one of Four Treasures of the Study, is a black pigment for writing and painting, and later includes Zhu Mo and various colored inks.
✦+
+
材质分类
（1）松烟墨以松树烧取的烟灰制成，特点是色泽乌黑，光泽度差，胶质轻，只宜写字。
（2）油烟墨多以动物或植物油等取烟制成，特点是色泽黑亮，有光泽；最常见的桐烟墨，坚实细腻，具有光泽。
(1) Song Yanmo is made of soot from pine trees, which is characterized by dark color, poor glossiness and light gum, so it is only suitable for writing.
(2) Oil-smoke ink is mostly made from animal or vegetable oil, which is characterized by black and bright color and luster; The most common tung smoke ink is firm, delicate and shiny.
2
用途分类与用法
✦+
+
用途分类
按用途可分为普通墨、贡墨、御墨、自制墨、珍玩墨、礼品墨等。
御墨，顾名思义，当是皇室宫廷用墨，最迟在唐代末期已专门生产供皇室使用的御墨。
自制墨是按造墨者的意愿所制的非卖品，多为官吏、士绅、书画名家所制，或署有墨家名款，或署制者名款。
珍玩墨是专为欣赏收藏而制的非实用墨，选料上乘，墨模的雕刻甚精，艺术性高，亦为墨中精品。
礼品墨是作为馈赠的非卖品，此类墨多注重外部的表现形式，装潢精美。由于不是实用品，故烟料较差，但其寓意明确，亦为收藏中的上品。品种有寿礼墨、婚礼墨、谢师墨等。
According to the use, it can be divided into ordinary ink, tribute ink, royal ink, homemade ink, rare ink, gift ink, etc.
Imperial ink, as its name implies, was used by the royal court. At the latest, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was specially produced for the royal family.
Self-made ink is not for sale according to the wishes of the ink makers. Most of them are made by officials, gentry, famous painters and calligraphers, or they have the names of Mohism or the makers.
Zhenmo is a kind of non-practical ink specially made for appreciation and collection, with excellent material selection, exquisite carving and high artistry, and it is also a high-quality ink.
As a gift, ink is not for sale. This kind of ink pays more attention to external forms and is beautifully decorated. Because it is not a practical product, the cigarette material is poor, but its meaning is clear and it is also the top grade in the collection. There are varieties of ink for celebrating birthday, ink for celebrating weddings, ink for thanking teachers and so on.
✦+
+
用法
学习书法，笔法与墨法互为依存，相得益彰，正所谓“墨法之少，全从笔出”。用墨直接影响到作品的神采。历代书家无不深究墨法。明代文人画兴起，国画的墨法融进书法，增添了书法作品的笔情墨趣。
墨的使用应注意以下几点∶
墨正：柳公权有所谓的“笔正”，磨墨也是如此。心正墨亦正，墨若不正偏斜，既不雅观，磨出的墨也不均匀。
力匀而急缓适中∶磨墨时用力过轻过重，太急太缓，墨汁皆必粗而不匀。正确的方法应该是“指按推用力”，轻重有节，切莫太急。
浓度适中：书画作品中即使是淡笔，也是用浓墨写的，差别是在蘸墨的多寡，而不是墨的浓淡。
随磨随用：用墨必需新磨，因墨汁若放置一日以上，胶与煤逐渐脱离，墨光既乏光彩，又不能持久，故以宿墨作书，极易褪色。
Learning calligraphy, brushwork and ink painting depend on each other and complement each other. As the saying goes, 'the few ink paintings are written by the pen'. The use of ink directly affects the expression of works. All the calligraphers in the past dynasties have delved into ink painting. With the rise of literati painting in Ming Dynasty, the ink method of traditional Chinese painting was integrated into calligraphy, which increased the pen feeling and ink interest of calligraphy works.
The use of ink should pay attention to the following points:
Mo Zheng: Liu Gongquan has the so-called 'pen Zheng', and so does grinding ink. The ink in the heart is also positive, and if the ink is not skewed, it is neither elegant nor uniform.
Uniform but slow and moderate force: when grinding ink, the force is too light and too heavy, too fast and too slow, and the ink will be thick and uneven. The correct method should be to 'point and push hard', and don't be too hasty.
Moderate concentration: Even the light pen in painting and calligraphy works is written in thick ink. The difference lies in the amount of ink dipped, not the shade of ink.
Use with grinding: new grinding is necessary when using ink, because if the ink is left for more than one day, the glue and coal will gradually separate, and the ink light will be dull and not durable, so it is easy to fade when Su Mo is used as a book.
3
著名墨派
徽墨有落纸如漆，色泽黑润，经久不褪，纸笔不胶，香味浓郁，丰肌腻理等特点，素有拈来轻、磨来清、嗅来馨、坚如玉、研无声、一点如漆、万载存真的美誉。徽墨三大流派为歙墨、休宁墨、婺源墨。
Hui ink has the characteristics of falling paper like paint, black color, long-lasting fastness, non-stick pen and paper, strong fragrance, abundant muscles and greasy sense, etc. It is known as the reputation of being light, fresh, fresh, firm as jade, silent, a little like paint and lasting forever. The three major schools of Hui ink are Huimo, Xiuning ink and Wuyuan ink.
联系客服
