和从句一样，非谓语动词是以动词的变化型（不定式，动名词和分词）来替代句子中成分。
非谓语动词可充当的成分有主语，宾语，定语，状语，补语等。
一次性的、具体的行为用 to do,习惯性的、泛指的行为用doing, 但是区分不严格
Walking is a good form of excise.
Losing his job again makes Jim very upset.
To be or not to be is a question. 生存或死亡是个值得考虑的问题
it做形式主语
It is important for you to finish the homework
It is no use arguing with them.
It is foolish of you to come here tonight.
to do：常用的动词有：agree， afford, arrange, attempt, care, demand, guarantee, hesitate, seat, tend, manage, offer, climb, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, volunteer determine, wish
不定式做宾语
I plan to watch days of our lives.
He swore to abide by the principle.
I find it difficult to work with him.
Remember to lock the door.
谓语动词 疑问词 不定式
I didn't know which to choose.=which I should choose
I don't know what to say.
v-ing：常用的动词有：admit, excuse, postpone, fancy, practice, appreciate, finish, avoid, propose, consider, delay, imagine, deny, permit, save, miss suggest, enjoy，escape
常用的短语：look forward to, devote to, get used to, be accustomed to, stay, object to, pay attention to, get down to
v-ing作宾语
I saw the birds singing
I can't remember having been given such an honour.
I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
I am looking forward to sing in the crowd.
介词宾语
By reviewing the old, you can learn something new.
One learns a language by makings mistakes and correcting them.
v-ing主动表被动：need, want, require, reserve
The watch needs repairing
She want kissing.
be worth结构用v-ing表被动意义
The book is worth reading.
The book is worthy to be read.
The book is worthy of being read.
不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补的常用动词: advise, command, allow, encourage, instruct, intend, beg, expect, forbid, remind, urge, order, request, permit, teach persuade
advise sb to do sth.
We don't allow smoking here, so we don't allow you to smoke here.
He encourages me to lose weight.
I was instructed to send a message to you.
使役动词have, get, make, let：多数 省略to的不定式
The boss made his workers work 10 hours a day.
Don't let one minor setback defeat you.
get 带to不定式：
He usually got his secretary to buy breakfast for him.
have, get
have sb do
The boss had his secretary buy breakfast for him.
have sb doing: 让持续不断的做
The coach had his players running all morning.
have sth done
I will have the work done immediately.
He tried to make himself understood.
make
I speak slowly to make myself understood.
感官动词 see, hear, feel
It was at the KTV that I heard him sing. do表过程
I heard him singing when I participated in the party. doing表正在发生
As we walk closer, we noticed his body covered by blood.
Do you smell something burning?
with复合结构
The great leader visited the factory with many generals following.
I received an invitation to dinner, and with my homework finished I gladly accepted.
With a lot of challenges to meet, I am under huge pressure.
考虑主被动决定 to do, doing 还是done
I have something to do.
The job needs to be done.
I have smelt something burning.
不定式做表语表具体内容，如行为，目的，愿望，梦想，需求等
To see is to believe.
My task is to teach the students.
动名词做表语表抽象概念，如身份，职业，状态
The news is astonishing.
My job is talking, I am a teacher.
His job is raising pigs.
分词做表语
被动
We were astonished (by the news).
状态
My heart is broken.
The shrimp is frozen.
He is studying English.
分词ing：令人。。
We have never heard a more touching story before.
分词ed： 感到。。
A broken heart is hard to be cured.
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，不表被动，表完成 fallen, faded, retired, risen, developed.
It is hard to capture the fallen leaves with a camera.
China is still not a developed country.
不定式做定语
Do you have something to eat?
He is not the best man to be your spouse.
We have a big house to live in.
We have a serious problem to discuss.
I have made the decision to quit.
不定式在the last, the only, 形容词最高级和序数词后边最定语
He is always the last one to leave.
动宾关系不及物动词要补介词
I am not sure which restaurant to eat at.
The poor guy has no place to live in.
不定式常被用来修饰抽象名词 time, way, chance, ability, attempt, decision
I have time to do sth.
Do you have the ability to write in English.
This is just an attempt to test my assumption, so don't worry about the result.
词做定语的时态概念：不定式，现在分词，过去分词
The question discussed yesterday is of great importance.
The question being discussed now is of great importance.
The question to be discussed tomorrow is of great importance.
不定式做原因状语
happy , glad, amazed...
I am happy to hang out with you.
only/all adj/adv to do
I was only too happy to meet with my girlfriend.
目的状语in order to, so as to
I took down his number in order to/so as to not forget it.
结果状语
adj/adv enough to do 足以
The girl is only enough to be a waiter.
only /just to do 令人失望的
She hurried to the class, only to find that the teacher had already been there.
He returned home after the war, only to be told that his wife has left home.
so adj/adv as to do
Would you be so kind as to open the door for me?
He is so devoted to her as to neglect many of her shortcomings.
分词：时间原因条件让步方式伴随，都可转化为状语从句
Hearing the knock on the door, they stopped talking. hear和knock的主语 一致才能使用分词
Not having made adequate preparations, we postponed the sports meeting.
Having been kept in prison for many years, he went mad.
Pressed by his parents, and realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
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