英语高考阅读理解答题技能大揭秘（转）

I. 技能点揭秘之一:细节理解题解题技能

高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考察，无一例外。

   细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。

常见的命题方式通常有：

1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；

2.以是非题的形式。true /false, nottrue / false或EXCEPT；

3.以Accordingto…开头提问方式；

4.以填空题的形式，如：

（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people areadvised               .

（2）By the first sentence of the passage author meansthat            .

（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends muchon         .

（4）If you are interested in knowing about whatpeople’s life will be, you may visit            .

（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way”(the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that                   .

（6）The policeman who said “Goodevening”to Rolls wanted to      .等等

5.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。

做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。

     了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：

（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。

   有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。

     值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：

1．描写类细节题

描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。例如:

You either have it,or you don’t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that somepeople could find their way across the Sahara without a map, whileothers can lose themselves in the next street?

Scientists saywe’re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properlyunderstood how it works. One theory is that people with a goodsense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it.Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports thisidea and suggests that if we don’t use is, we lose it.

   “Children as young as seven have the ability to find their wayaround,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project.“However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhereby car, they never develop the skills.”

Jim Martland alsoemphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills toimprove their sense of direction. He makes the followingsuggestions:

●If youare using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you arefacing.

●If youleave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like abig stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go awayfrom your bike. When you return, go back along the sameroute.

●Simplify the way offinding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town,streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your stepsso that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks suchas tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where youare.

Now youneed never get lost again!

65.Scientists believe that_______.

A. somebabies are born with a sense of direction.

B. peoplelearn a sense of direction as they grow older

C. peoplenever lose their sense of direction

D.everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

66. Whatis true of seven-year-old children according to thepassage?

A. Theynever have a sense of direction without maps

B. Theyshould never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense ofdirection

C. Theyhave a sense of direction and can find their way around

D. Theycan develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around ina car.

68.According to the passage, the best way to find your way around isto ________.

A. askpolicemen for directions.

B. usewalls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

C.remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs

D. countthe number of landmarks that you see

答案与解析：65.选D。根据第二段首句可知：科学家认为我们生来就有方向感。

66.选C。根据第三段首句可知，七岁大的小孩就具备了辨别方向的能力。

68.选B。根据Jim Martland所给的第三条建议中的“…by using lines such as streetsin a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guideyou.”即可得出答案。

2．数据计算题

此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。

例题：

Tuition Fees(学费)

Tuition fees aredifferent from department to department, generally from $5,000 to$6,000 a year. For further information: tui @waikato．ac．nz.

Accommodation(住宿)

You can have a roomin a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with otherregular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. Forfurther information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz

 

…

69. Youhave to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the Universityof Waikato.

A.$5,250   B.$8,000   C.$9,000   D.$11,000

答案与解析：选B。本篇是介绍新西兰Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees (学费)：Tuition fees are different from department todepartment．generally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui @waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a

4- bedroomfiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular livingcosts of about$150 a month for one person. For furtherinformation：acc @ waikato．ac．nz．可知答案为B。$5000(学费)+$100(住宿费)x12(months)+$150(生活费)x12=$8000．

3．排序题

这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。

例题：

People can use ahome computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, ashopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system(系统) that will organize the trip around the store. Ifyou're looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it froma list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you areand where you can find them.

…

54. Whichof the following is the correct order of shopping with thecomputerized shopping carts?

a. Startthe system.                 b. Make a shopping list.

c. Findthe things you want.          D. Go to a self-checkout stand.

A.abdc             B. bacd   C. acbd      D. bcad

   答案与解析：选B。细节理解题。由本段的描述可以确定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列购物清单，明确买什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款台（自动）付钱），排除A、C，然后再看ab的先后顺序，排除选项D。本题也可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。

4．信息寻找题、广告阅读题

信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。 

   广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。

（1）补全成分法

省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driverwill be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。

（2）联想推测法

在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。

为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：

Tel.=telephone number       

Ph.=phone          Add (r). =address

co.=company        Ltd=Limited

Max=maximum      Min=minimum

hr=hour             t=time

fig=figure           ft=foot     

ml=mile            doz=dozen

Mt=Mountain        P=page

prof.=professor       Dr. =doctor

s=south              n=north

w=west             Sta=Station        

pop=popular          vs=versus

Xmas=Christmas       info=information

VIP=veryimportant persons  hrs=hours

aft=after              ad=advertisement 

p/t=parttime          exp=experienced

PC=personal computer  MA=Master of Arts

BSdegree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)

例题：                                   

Welcome toAdventureland!

Everyone lovesAdventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you toexplore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visitwill be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched,longing to come back. What are you going to do thistime?

The TravelPavilion

Explore places youhave never been to before, and experience different ways oflife.

Visit the Amazonjungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, theBerber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who willtell you about their lives, and things they make. You can trymaking a carpet, making nets, fishing …

The FutureTower

This exhibitionshows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look intothe future and explore the cities of the next century and the waywe’ll be living then. Spend some time in our spacestation climb into our simulator (模拟装置) for the Journey to Mars!

The NaturePark

This is not reallyone park but several.

In the Safari Parkyou can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers;see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the OceanPark to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still theAviary to see…

ThePyramid

This is the centerof Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps?For all these things and many more, visit our underground shoppingcentre. Come here for information and ideas too.

63. TheTravel Pavilion is built to help visitors ________.

A. realizethe importance of traveling

B. becomefamiliar with mountain countries

C. learnhow to make things such as fishing nets

D. learnsomething about different places in the world

64. If youare interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you mayvisit _____________.

A. theTravel Pavilion       B. the Future Tower

C. theSafari Park           D. the Pyramid

65. If youwant to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likelygo?

A. ThePyramid            B. The Nature Park.

C. TheFuture Tower        D. The Travel Pavilion

答案与解析：63.选D。运用“题干定向法”捕捉相关信息。根据The Travel Pavilion部分第一句“Explore places you have never been to before, andexperience different ways of life.”，便可知该活动有助于游客了解世界各地风情。

64.选B。根据The Future Tower这一标题和内容梗概，其中特别有一句“It allows us to look into the future and explorethe cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then.”，不难发现只有该项能够让人们了解未来社会的发展。

65.选A。本题考察了考生信息寻找能力和细节处理能力。根据最后一段第二句告诉我们The Pyramid提供一些游客必须品。第三句则暗示The Pyramid是购买旅游纪念品的理想场所。

5.图文转换题

此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。