“疑问词＋不定式”的用法

                               (一)

先看下面一道高考题：

　　(NMET2002)It is said in Australia there is more land than thegovernment knows ________.

　　A. it what to do with

　　B. what to do it with

　　C. what to do with it

　　D. to do what with it

　　考点："疑问词＋不定式"的用法；

　　简析：动词know后可接"疑问词＋不定式"构成的短语作宾语，在这一结构中，疑问词要放在不定式的前面。就本考题而言，疑问词what作不定式todo的宾语；it 作介词with 的宾语，故选 C。

　　疑问词后面可接带 to的动词不定式构成特殊的不定式短语，这一结构在句中可作主语、表语、动词宾语、双重宾语、介词宾语等成分。能够接不定式的疑问词常用的有who,which, what, when, where, how等，此外，whether 后面也可接带 to 的动词不定式。

　　一、"疑问词＋不定式"的用法

　　1. 作主语

　　作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：

　　Where to go tomorrow has not been decided. 明天到什么地方去尚未决定。

　　How to divide labor among the workers is still a question.这些工人之间如何分工仍是个问题。

　　2. 作动词宾语

　　能够接"疑问词＋不定式"作宾语的动词常用的有advise, ask, consider, decide, discuss,explain, forget, know, learn, remember, show, teach, tell,wonder等。例如：

　　He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and makefire. 他得学会收集淡水、寻找食物，生火什么的。(Unit 1 Good friends)

　　You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim, and youshould always wear a life jacket.如果不会游泳，就不要去做木筏漂流。漂流必须始终穿上救生衣。(Unit 3 Going places)

　　3. 作双重宾语

　　某些动词后面可接"sb.＋疑问词＋不定式"构成的双重宾语，这类动词常用的有advise, ask, show, teach,tell等。例如：

　　He will advise you what to do. 他会建议你们做什么。

　　Will you show me how to use this machine? 你能示范教我如何使用这部机器吗？

　　4. 作介词宾语

　　某些介词后面可接"疑问词＋不定式"作宾语，这类介词常用的有 about, as, from, in, of, on,with等。例如：

　　You also need to learn the basic skills of rafting, such ashow to handle the raft, how to paddle and how to get in and out ofthe raft. 你还需要学习基本划木筏的技巧，比如驾驭木筏的方法，划桨方法，上下木筏的方法。(Unit 3 Goingplaces)

　　He has no idea of how to answer this question.他不知道怎样回答这个问题。

　　5. 作表语

　　Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive withoutfriends. 也许最难熬的挑战，就是生活中孤独无友。(Unit 1 Good friends)

　　The question is which to choose. 问题是挑选哪一个。

　　二、考点例析

　　1. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don'tknow ________.

　　A. where to choose

　　B. which to choose

　　C. to choose what

　　D. to choose which

　　考点："疑问词＋不定式"的语序；疑问词的选用。

　　简析："疑问词＋不定式"的语序是疑问词在前，不定式在后，故可排除C, D 两个选项。where和which后面均可接动词不定式结构，但用法不同：where 表示地点，在不定式结构中作地点状语；which指"哪一个；哪一些"，在不定式结构中既可作宾语，也可放在名词前面作定语。就该题而言，及物动词choose缺少宾语，故选B项，其中的which作choose的宾语。

　　2. I've worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job.

　　A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

　　考点：疑问词后接动词的用法。

　　简析：疑问词后接动词时，该动词常用不定式结构，且这种由"疑问词＋不定式"构成的短语常用一般式和主动语态，故选B。

　　(文/刘石才　蒋炜凌； 英语辅导报高一版04~05学年度第4期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)

                                        

                                   （二）

不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
【例如】
To complete the 30storied building in one year was quite adifficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
【例如】
It is important for modern young people to master at least twoforeign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient,unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
【例如】
It is essential to reserve a table in advance of ChristmasEve.
It is hard to put my hopessintoswords.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and masterit.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's duty, anhonor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time,patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task,purpose, duty, job等。
【例如】
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty ofexercise.
My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of thematter.
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to thecity and to provide them with any necessary information.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly aspossible.
3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,
expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,preparepretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。
【例如】
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.Idecide to work hard and get doctor's degree.
The room is designed to be my study, but now it has to be used as abedroom for the children.
She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worriedabout it.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and Ithink he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)
A) making
B) to make
C) to have made
D)shavingsmade
mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，应用一般式，因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。
【例如】
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think itimportant to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess,imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。
4)“whword＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom,whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how,why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。
常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：
know, see, decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,
perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。
【例如】
I couldn't decide which book to choose. I can tell youswheresto getthis book.They found it hard to decide
whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally in NewYear.“whword+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
【例如】
When to start the program remains undecided. The question is how toput the plansintospractice.
5)不定式作状语
a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，来强调这种目的。
【例如】
To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstakingefforts.
Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling.Wemust develop science and technology at
high speed so as to raise scientific and cultural level of ourcountry.
Insgroupsto get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot of exercisesboth in grammar and reading comprehension.
b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as to, such...as to, onlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。
【例如】
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the trainalready gone.
She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.No oneis too old to learn.
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to, be afraid to, be apt to, be boundto, be certain to, be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likelyto, be ready to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, bewilling to等。
【例如】
Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup.
It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.
I am willing to help you with your homework, for we arefriends.
6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel,command, enable, encourage,expect, feel, force, find, hear, have,inform, invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade,remind, require, request,teach, tell, urge, watch, warn,watch等。
【例如】
Because of the complexity of the modern equipments, most officesrequire secretaries to have specified training.
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe,watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.
【例如】
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl gotseriously hurt in a car accident.
It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume,believe,know, report, say, suppose等。
【例如】
Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.(It is said thatMr. Brown left for Italy last week.)
Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematicalproblems, compose music, walk through windows and commit murder intheir sleep.
He is reported to have won the 100meter running race in theOlympic games.
8)不定式作定语
a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire,determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need,opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time,way等。
【例如】
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.I have nointention to go to the cinema with you.
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.
There is a tendency to writer quite long sentences in commercialcorrespondence.
The pressure( )causes Americans to be energetic, but it also putthem under a constant emotional strain. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) to compete
B) competing
C) to be competed
D)shavingscompeted
pressure后面应接后置定语，表示竞争的压力。单个分词作定语一般置于名词前，故B和D可以排除。C为不定式的被动式，而竞争和压力之间没有被动关系，因此正确答案为A。特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不
定式本身的要求。
【例如】
She is a very nice person to work with.
This is an important issue to talk about.
b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
【例如】
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and thelast man to leave.I don't think he is the best one to do thework.
9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), hadbetter...(最好)，can't help but...(不得不), had
rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，letalone(更不用说)。
【例如】
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise,you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.