所谓“规则硬套”,即指不从语言实际出发,不考虑特定的语言环境,而是机械地套用语法规则,生搬硬套语法的条条框框,同学们如果这样去学语言,那就难免出错了。下面请看几个实例:
1.“Is there _____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked forleave.”
A.anybody
因为这是疑问句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为A,你认为你选对了吗?不,错了。
2.“If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.”“Oh, no. A necklace is not
A.anything
因为这是否定句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为A,你认为你选对了吗?不,错了。
3. He was sentenced to death _____ what he had stolen fromthe bank.
A.that
因为横线后是一个从句,所以你就按语法规则将此题答案确定为C,你认为你选对了吗?不,错了。
规则是死的,语言是活的。同学们学习语言时,应该具体问题具体分析,既要学习语言的规则,又要灵活运用规则,这样才能把语言学好、学活。你想知道以上问题的解释吗?请往下读。
1.
“Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.”
A. a,the
此题容易误选A,生搬硬套冠词用法规则:第一次提到某人或某事物用不定冠词,第二次再提到该人或该事物时用定冠词。但事实上,此题的第二空Isit blackone?中的one并非指前面提到的pen,即这里的one与前面的pen并非同一事物。另外,从后面的Ithink I saw it somewhere(我想我在哪个地方见过)可知前一句的blackone不能是特指的,而应是泛指的,故应用不定冠词。此题正确答案为C。
现在我们把此题变化一下:
“Have you seen _____pen? I left it here this morning.”
“Is it _____ black one? I found it in the corner.”
A. a, the
这样一改,此题的最佳答案就是A,而不是C了。
规则硬套型请再看一例:
My friend Mary is _____ beautiful girl and _____ girleveryone likes to work with.
A. a, a
此题很容易误选B,认为第一次提到girl用不定冠词,第二次提到就应该用定冠词。但是,句中第二次提到girl时并不是特指的,此句实为一省略句,补充完整是:Myfriend Mary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes toworkwith.比较以下两句(第二个girl前用了定冠词,因为那是特指):
For this he asked a girl, but the girl refused to answerhim.
为此他问了一个女孩,但这个女孩拒绝回答他。
The other day he met a beautiful girl in the park and thegirl smiled at him.
几天前他在公园遇到一个女孩,这个女孩冲他笑了笑。
2.在这个否定句中该用anything还是everything
I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A.everything
此题容易误选B,生搬硬套不定代词用法规则:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。其实此题应选A,注意前文的Iagree with most of what yousaid(我同意你说的大部分内容),其后的not与everything构成部分否定,意为“不是所有的都同意”,前后两部分用转折连词but连接,语气通顺、连贯。
_____ likes money, but money is not _____.
A. Everyone,everything
答案选A,句意为“人人都喜欢钱,但钱不是万能的”。
3.在这个疑问句中该用everybody还是anybody
“Is there _____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked forleave.”
A.anybody
此题容易误选A,认为这是一般疑问句,要用anybody。其实此题应选B,主要与上下文的语境有关。全文语境为:“大家都到齐了吗?”“没有,Bob和Tim两人请假了。”假若我们将此题作如下变换,则情形就会有所不同:
“Is there _____ here?” “Yes, I'm upstairs. Please comeand help me.”
此题的最佳答案应是A,而不是B。
答案选B,虽然涉及多个对象,但由于它们用and连接,故用介词between。
8. because of后一定不能接从句吗
He was sentenced to death _____what he had stolen from thebank.
A. that
许多同认为此题应选C,因为关于because和becauseof的用法有如下区别规则:because是连词,其后接句子;而becauseof是介词,其后接名词、代词或动名词。此规则并没错,只是表述不很准确。一般说来,because作为从属连词,用以引导原因状语从句时,其后应是一个不含有引导词的句子,而不能是what导的从句。另一方面,本题中的whathe had stolen=the thing(s) that he hadstolen,也就是说,这个what从句从本质上说,它相当于一个名词(或者更准确地说是一个受定语从句修饰的名词),所以此题应选becauseof。She cried because of what you said.她哭是因为你说的话。
9.这里是用different than 还是用different from
She is quite a different girl _____ she was five yearsago.
A.from
按照英语的表达习惯,要表示甲与乙不同,通常用be differentfrom,如:Mary is different fromJane.玛丽与简不同。其中的介词from在英国英语中也可换成to,在美国英语中也可换成than,但两者均不如用from普遍。许多同学据此将上题的最佳答案确定为A,但错了,最佳答案应是C。一般说来,若两个比较的对象是名词、代词或状语短语等,则用differentfrom[to,than]。但是若提出来供比较的对象是一个没有引导词的句子,则通常只用differentthan。
又如:Schools are different than they used to be.
学校与原来不一样了。顺便说一句,若是一个以what引导的从句,则可以用from或to。
比较:She is quite different from[to]what we thought.=Sheis quite different than we thought.
她跟我们原来想像的大不一样。
10.这是反意疑问句吗
“I think the teacher is wrong, _____?” “No, I don't thinkso.”
A. don'tyou
此题容易误选C或D,因为按照语法规则,Ithink后接宾语从句时,其反意疑问句与从句保持一致,但是退一步,即使按此规则,其反意疑问句也应是isn'the或isn't she之类的,而不是像C或D那样用doesn't he和doesn'tshe。综合四个选项,最佳答案为A,don't you为don't you thinkso之省略。
又如:I think he will win, don't you?我认为他会赢,你说呢?I think its price will go up, don'tyou?我认为它的价格会上升,你不这样认为吗?
11.用于make (使)后作宾语补足语的一定是动词原形吗?
I found I could easily make myself _____ by using signlanguage.
A.understood
答案选A,但容易误选B,即硬套“make+名词或代词+动词原形”这一结构。
但是对于该结构同学们忽略了一点,就是该结构中的名词或代词应与其后动词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而对于上面一题,myself与其后的动词understand显然不是主谓关系,而是动宾关系,或者说是被动关系,故此时的动词应用过去分词表被动。
误:He was very angry as to be unable to speak.
误:He was very angry that he couldn't speak.
误:He was very angry to speak.
Marsha got so carried away when arguing with her husband_____ she hit him.
A. since
答案选D,属so ... that...句式。全句意为“玛莎与她丈夫争吵过于激烈,以至动手打了他”。其中的carryaway意为“使兴奋”、“使忘乎所以”,是个短语,通常用于被动语态,句中的gotcarried away可视为系表结构。
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