对英语句子的认识

一. 教学内容：
对英语句子的认识
 
意义：英语的句式与中文的不同。我们在学习英语的时候要注意到这一点。有的同学在学习中对此没有足够的认识，常常受中文的干扰。在写作中表现出不能写出正确的句子。
I. 什么是句子？
 长的是句子，短的是词。×
 √无论字数多少，只要有主语和谓语（动词），而且能表达完整的意义的一句话就是一个句子。
I am tired.
Pressing one’s palm together and resting one’s head on the backof one’s hand while closing the eyes as if sleeping means “I amtired.”（双手合拢，闭上眼，把头靠在手背上像睡觉的样子，意思是说“我累了。”）
 这两个句子都具备了主语和谓语。都是完整的句子。要记住：在英语中，一个句子必须且只能有一个谓语。
1. 省略主语的句子
Come in, please. (You)
Open the door.
Sit down.
Stand up.
What a day! (What a terrible day it is!)
2. 一个句子不能同时有两个谓语。
 典型错误：
1) The old man likes take a walk in the village after supper.
   ∟The old man likes to take awalk in the village after supper.
 2) I enjoy talk with him over a cup ofcoffee.
 ∟I enjoy talking with him over a cup ofcoffee.
 3) The boy ran to his mother cry.
 ∟The boy ran to his mother crying.
 4) After write the notice, he put it up on thewall.
 ∟ After writing the notice, heput it up on the wall.
  After he wrote the notice, heput it up on the wall.
3. 不要把从句的谓语当成句子的谓语,或把主句的谓语当成从句的谓语。
 如果是一个复合句，主句和从句都应该分别有自己的主语和谓语。
 典型错误：
1） 1）  Those who eat too muchwill easily ill.
∟Those who eat too much will easily get ill.
 2) When he walking in the park, he felt a littletired.
  ∟When he was walking in thepark, he felt a little tired.
 3）When I at school, I studied very hard.
  ∟When I was at school, Istudied very hard.
 
II. Practice: 判断以下是否是句子。
1. Birds can fly 是
2. The birds in the cage which I bought yesterday 不是
3. Wait for me at the station 是
4. If you know how to play with words to make peoplelaugh不是
5. A way of saying “I’m sorry” 不是
6. Patting the stomach before a meal不是
7. The bread my mother makes is much better than what you can buyat the store. 是
8. To make friends in the school which was not far from my newhome不是
9. If you want to know what it feels like to fall through the air,take off in a rocket, fly a helicopter or fight alien creatures inouter space不是
 
III. 常见的句子结构
 由于英语动词种类的不同，构成了不同的句子类型。和中文不同的是，英语的动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。表达同一个意思时，有的是及物动词，有的就是不及物动词。如：表示“听”这个意义时，listen 是不及物动词；hear是及物动词。表示 “看”这个意义时，look是不及物动词，see, watch和 notice就是及物动词。表示“到达”，arrive是不及物动词，reach是及物动词。不及物动词是不能接宾语的。只能加上一个介词，才能接宾语。如：listento, look at, arrive in等等。
1. 主语 + 不及物动词
e.g. He came in.
  The airplane from Hong Kongarrived at four p.m.
  On his arrival he went straightto the counter.
  To catch up with others, you’dbetter work harder.
  How did the accidentoccur?
  In July, the ship set out forthe Pacific.
  Australia has changed a lot inthe past forty years.
  They lived by hunting animals,birds and fish.
2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
常见的系动词有：be, seem, appear, become, go, get, grow,turn,
     look,sound, feel, taste, smell
e.g.  She is very happy. (×She very happy.)
  I am a student.
  He became nervous when thinkingof stealing.
  It is impossible to find a shopthat is open after 5 p.m. in this area.
  We are proud of ourfriends.
  To become a top gymnast, it isimportant to start when very young.
  It’s much cheaper to camp thanto stay in a hotel.
  It is useless trying to arguewith him.
  I got caught in thetraffic.
  Just then, the traffic lightturned red.
  He seemed to have misunderstoodyou.
3. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
e.g. We learn English at school.
  He wondered whether Bill hadmanaged to escape.
  I didn’t mean to be sorude.
  Most people here earn theirliving by farming.
  We will send these goods to theflooded area.
  You must keep your word.
  I took some photos of somebeautiful actress.
  I hope that one day I shall beable to repay you.
  被动：English is learnt atschool.
   These goods will be sent tothe flooded area.
4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
有些动词需要接两个宾语。间接宾语一般由人担任，直接宾语一般由物担任。
give, offer, teach, tell, read, ask, bring, pass, lend, return,write, throw, allow, send,cost
make, buy, do, get, save, cook, sing, find等。
e.g.  My brother gave me a book.
  Who sent you thecomputer?
  My mother would read me a storybefore I went to bed.
  I won’t tell you anythingabout it.
  Can you sing us an Englishsong?
  Pass me the newspaper,please.
 这样的句子变为被动时可根据需要，将任何一个宾语作为句子的主语。
 e.g. I was given a book.
  A book was given to me.
5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
e.g. Unfortunately they find it difficult to repay thismoney.
  The growth in population madeNew York the largest city in the USA.
  Do you think it possible tofinish it in one day?
  We are making our country moreand more beautiful.
 
【模拟试题】
改错练习：
1. Please speak louder so that everybody can listen you.
2. Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.
3. Listen! Someone knocking at the door.
4. He told me don’t call him before 9 o’clock.
5. Does your parents allow you make your own decision?
6. Although it is only August, but the weather is getting worsedaily.
7. Because the professor had fallen ill, so he was not able to bepresent at the conference.
8. In Japan, a person sees the “OK” gesture may think it meansmoney.
9. When I past his room, I heard him singing an English song.