模块3 Unit 2 Language
1. rule vt.& n． 统治
That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.
正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。
归纳拓展
(1)vt.控制，统治，支配
n．规则，规章，条例
(2)常用短语：
①rule sb./sth.out 把……排除在外
②rule sb.out of声明某人不能参赛，阻止某人参赛
③as a (general)rule一般来说，通常
④make it a rule to do...照例要做……，通常
①It’s against all rules and regulations.
这违背了所有的规章制度。
②African tribal societies were traditionally ruled by a council of elders.
非洲部落社会传统上由长老会控制。
③His injuries rule out a return to the field before the end of the season.
伤病使他无法在本赛季结束前重返运动场。
2. replace vt. 替换；取代；把……放回原处
After the earlier invasion Celtic had been replaced with English.
早期入侵之后，凯尔特语被替换为英语。
①Have they hired anybody to replace Ken?
他们雇到人来接替肯了吗？
②All the old carpets need replacing.
所有的旧地毯都需要更换。
③I replaced the cup carefully in the saucer.
我小心翼翼地将杯子放回茶碟。
3. raise v． 举起，提高，抚养，筹钱
At this point，many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.
在此期间，很多英国人沦为诺曼人的仆人，他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜，给诺曼人做饭。
归纳拓展
raise a baby 抚育孩子
raise wheat 种植小麦
raise one’s hand 举起手
raise one’s voice 提高嗓门
raise salaries 提高工资
raise money 筹集资金
raise a question 提出问题
①She raised her eyes from her work.
她停下工作，抬头看了看。
②He’s raising the rent because he’s fixed up the apartment.他要提高租金，因为他把公寓修了一下。
③You can’t raise a child in an environment like that.
在那样的环境中没法培养孩子。
④Each time he raised a question like that，she said，“I don’t know”．每次他问起那个，她总是说：“我不知道”。
⑤Our objective is to raise$200 for the school band.
我们的目标是为校乐队筹集200美元。
易混辨析
raise，rise，arise
(1)raise vt.举起，抬起，抬高。说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的。
(2)rise vi.升起，上升，起立。说明主语自身移向更高的位置。
(3)arise vi.(风、雾等)升起；出现，发生(问题)；起床；(由……)产生。rise和arise皆为不及物动词，都有“升起”的意思，但表示有形物体的上升或上涨用rise不用arise。
①We have no plans to raise taxes at present.
②House prices are likely to rise towards the end of this year.
③A mist arose from the lake during the night.
4. promise
I always wondered when I would get the English novel my parents had promised to give me.
我总在想父母到底什么时候会把他们答应我的英文小说给我。
归纳拓展
(1)promise sb.sth. 答应某人某事promise(sb.)to do sth./that-clause 答应(某人)做某事
promise＋to be ＋n./adj. 给人以……的指望；有……的可能
(2)give/make a promise 许下诺言,keep/carry out a /one’s promise 遵守诺言
break a /one’s promise 违背诺言
(3)promising adj. 有前途的；有希望的；有出息的
【温馨提示】
(1)“I promise to go”这种句型的否定式有三种表达方式，但意义不同。
I don’t promise to go.我没有答应要去。
I promise not/never to go.我答应不去。
I don’t promise not to go.我并没有答应不去。
(2)名词promise也可以和to do不定式及thatclause连用。
①You made a promise，so you have to keep it.
既然你已经许诺了，就要做到。
②The college principal promised to look into the matter.学院院长答应研究这个问题。
③You promised me that you’d be home early tonight.
你曾向我保证今晚会早回家的。
④He’s promised her daughter to buy her a new bike.
他已经答应女儿给她买辆新自行车。
⑤He promised his grandchildren the money.
他答应给孙子们钱。
⑥It promised to be an exciting few days.
那可望是兴奋刺激的几天。
5. set vt. 确定(标准等)，判定(规则等)
n． (一)套，(一)部；装置，设备
A standard was first set for the English language when Henry Ⅶ was King of England.
亨利七世当英国国王时，首次为英语设定了一个标准。
①She smiled and set down her cup of coffee.
她笑了笑，把手中的那杯咖啡放下了。
②Her remarks set me thinking.
她的话引起了我的深思。
③The novel was set in London in the 1960s.
这部小说以20世纪60年代的伦敦为背景。
④Set the alarm for 7 o’clock.把闹钟设在7点。
⑤They haven’t set a date for their wedding yet.
他们还没有确定婚礼日期。
⑥Could you set the table for dinner?
你把餐具排好，准备开饭好吗？
⑦I rely on you to set a good example.
我指望你来树立一个好榜样。
6. access n．[U] (使用或见到的)机会，权力；通道，入口
vt. 接近；使用；到达；进入
Today，the spread of ‘borrowed words’is due to easily accessed television and radio programmes from across the world，and the Internet.
现在，外来词的传播主要是通过世界各地都可以方便地收看、收听的电视，收音节目以及网络。
归纳拓展
(1)have access to...能够使用/见到/享有……
the access to a building到达/进入大楼的通道
(2)accessible adj.可见到的，可使用的
be accessible to sb.某人可使用的，可看到的
①The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.去那农舍的唯一通路是穿过田野。
②Students must have access to good resources.
学生必须有机会使用好的资源。
③Healthcare should be made accessible to everyone.应该让每个人都能获得医疗保健。
7. symbol n． 符号，象征
The character ‘prisoner’was formed with the symbol for a man inside a square.
“囚”这个汉字就是将表达“人”的这个符号放在一个方格中所形成的。
①A hammer is often used in art as a symbol of authority.在艺术里，锤子经常被用作权威的象征。
②What’s the chemical symbol for copper?
铜的化学符号是什么？
易混辨析
symbol，sign，mark，signal
(1)symbol“象征，符号”，指被人们选出的物体或图案，用来代表另一事物，作为该事物的象征。
(2)sign“符号，标记”，指具体的用于识别或指示的标志，如指标牌，卡片等。借喻时指“征兆，迹象”。
(3)mark“标志，标记”，指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物。
(4)signal“信号”，常指约定俗成，用于传达某些信息的信号，也指灯光，声音或信号标志。
8. spread vt. 传播，散布，撒；铺开，展开；涂，抹
n． 传播，散布；涉及区域，活动范围
vi. (消息、谣言、知识等)传播，传开；(大火、冲突、疾病等)蔓延、传染(开来)；伸展；延伸
Today，the spread of borrowed words’ is due to easily accessed television and radio programmes from across the world，and the Internet.
今天，世界各地都可以方便地收看收听电视、广播节目，还有因特网的普及，使得外来词广为传播。
归纳拓展
spread out 散开；伸展，延伸
spread over 遍布在
spread to 传到，波及
spread oneself out 舒展四肢(躺下)
be spread for 摆好(桌子)准备
spread A on/ over B 在B上涂抹A,＝spread B with A 用A涂抹B
①She spread the pages of the letter on the table.
她把那几页信摊开放在桌子上。
②There’s more room to spread out in first class.
头等舱宽敞些，伸得开腿。
③Small clever animals，now with hands and feet，appeared and spread all over the earth.
一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们分布在地球的各个地方。
④The desert spreads for hundreds of miles.
沙漠绵延数百英里。
易混辨析
extend，spread，stretch，expand
(1)extend“伸出，延伸”，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也可指时间的延长。
(2)spread“伸开，传播”，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播(疾病)，散布(信息)等。
(3)stretch“伸展，拉长”，一般指由曲变直，由短变长的伸展，不是加长。
(4)expand“展开、扩大”，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。
①Metals expand when they are heated and contract when cooled.
②The road extends to the port.
③Flies，mosquitoes and mice spread diseases.
④She stretched across the table for the butter.
9. pick up 拾起，捡起；认出，挑出
This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English，for example，pick up and lift up.
这是因为在英语里许多对词汇和短语有相似的意义，例如“pick up”和“lift up”。
①She went over to the crying child and picked her up.她走到啼哭的孩子身边，把她抱了起来。
②Luckily，Maggie was able to pick up where she left off at work，even though she’d been in the hospital for two months.
幸运的是尽管玛吉住了两个月院，她仍能拾起放下的工作。
③I’ll drive over and pick you up at the weekend.
我周末开车过去接你。
④You’ll soon pick up health when you get to the seaside.
到了海滨，你就会很快地恢复健康。
⑤The train picked up speed.火车加快了速度。
⑥But her writing experience was something she picked up by herself.但她的写作经验是她无意间培养的。
⑦My radio can pick up BBC very clearly.
我的收音机能清楚地收听到BBC。
10. contribute to
Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.
很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。
①We contributed ￡5,000 to the earthquake fund.
我们向地震基金捐赠了5000英磅。
②Yellow fever contributed to Mudd’s early death at age 19.黄热病导致马德19岁便早早去世。
③He contributed an article to China Daily.
他为《中国日报》撰写了一篇文章。
11. depend on 依靠；依赖；确信；相信；指望；受……的影响；取决于
There are many different dialects of English depending on where people live.
根据人们居住地点的不同，英语有许多不同的方言。
归纳拓展
depend on sb.for sth.依赖、依靠某人获得depend on sb.doing/to do sth.依靠/相信某人做某事
depend on it 常用于句首或句末，意为“请放心，没问题”
It/That (all)depends.看情况而定
depend on it that...指望……，对……不疑,dependable adj.可靠的，可信赖的
dependence n.依靠，依赖，信赖
dependent adj.依靠的，依赖的；视……而定的be dependent on/upon 依靠；随……而定
①Admission to the university depends only on a student’s performance.
这所大学的录取只依据学生的成绩。
②Can we depend on you coming in on Sunday?
我们能指望你星期天来参加吗？
③He is a man to be depended upon.他这人靠得住。
④He depends on you to help him.他要依靠你的帮助 。
⑤He depended up on a small incom for his livelihood.他依靠微薄的收入维持生活。
12. look up (在词典或参考书中)查找
Looking up every new word will certainly be a waste of time.每个新单词都去查当然会浪费时间。
归纳拓展
(2)look after 照顾；照料；管理
look back on 回顾；回忆
look down on/upon 俯视；轻视某人
look forward to 盼望
look into 向里看；调查
look into one’s eyes 直视某人
look up to 向上看；尊敬
look through 浏览
look on as 把……看做；认为
look out 当心
①She looked up from her book as I entered the room.我进房间时，她从书本上抬起头来看了看。
②If you don’t know the word，look it up in the dictionary.如果你不认识这个词，查一下词典。
③Kids need role models to look up to.
孩子们需要有模范人物做榜样。
13. as a whole 总体上，作为一个整体
However，as a whole，the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms.
然而，总体上讲，汉字已经从图画发展成了标准形式。
归纳拓展
as a whole作为一个整体，总体上
on the whole总的来说，大体上，基本上
①On the whole，I’m in favour of the idea.
大体上说，我赞成这个想法。
②The US population，as a whole，is very mobile compared to other countries.
与其他国家相比，美国的人口从总体上来说流动性很大。
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