内部讲义:常考词的语法与用法(14) 1
◆shame n.
表示一般意义的“羞耻”、“耻辱”等,是不可数名词;表示具体意义的“可耻的事”、“遗憾的事”等,是可数名词( 可与不定冠词连用,但通常不用复数)。如:
He has no shame. 他不要脸。
He felt shame at having told a lie. 他因说谎而感到羞耻。
What a shame you didn’t win. 你没有赢,真是遗憾!
It’s a great shame to treat him like that. 这样对待他太不像话了。
◆
share v. & n.
1. 用作动词,表示“分配”、“分发”等,其后可接 (也可以不接)副词 out。如:
He shared (out) $100 among [between] the five men. 他把100美元分给了这5个人。
2. 表示“分享”、“分担”、“共用”等,若宾语为具体名词,通常只用 share;若宾语为抽象名词,则可在其后接(也可不接)介词in。在其宾语后通常使用的介词有 among, between, with 等。如:
We share a small room between us. 我们俩合用一个小房间。
I will share (in) the cost with you. 我将与你分担费用。
She shares (in) my troubles as well as my joys. 她与我同甘共苦。
◆sheep n.
1. 表示“绵羊”,单复数同形。如:one sheep(一只绵羊),ten sheep(十只绵羊)。
2. 不要从字面理解以下两短语的意思:a black sheep(害群之马,败家子),the sheep and the goats(好人与坏人,能人与笨人,成功者与失败者)。
◆shoot v.
用作动词,表示“射击”,比较 shoot at 与 shoot:前者表示“向……射击或开枪”,后者表示“打中”或“打死”。如:
He shot at a bird, but missed it. 他向鸟开枪,但未打中。
He shot a bird and killed it. 他把一只鸟打死了。
He was shot three times in the leg. 他的腿中了三枪。
◆short adj.
1. 用于 short of, 意为“缺少”,主要用作表语。如:
They are short of money (time). 他们缺少钱(时间)。
注:有时省略其后的介词短语。如:
We can’t lend you any money, we are a bit short (of it) ourselves. 我们无法借给你钱,我们(的钱)也不太够。
2. 比较 in short 与 for short:前者意为“总之”,后者意为“为了简短”或“简称”。如:
In short, he is a cheat. 总之,他是个骗子。
Jonathan is called Jon for short. 乔纳森被简称为乔。
比较:Jon is short for Jonathan. 乔是乔纳森的简称。
◆shortly adv.
1. 表示“不久”、“一会儿”等,相当于 soon 或 in a short time, 主要用于将来。如:
He will be back shortly. 他很快就会回来。
He is shortly to leave for
但若其后接用 after, before 等,则也用于过去。如:
He returned to work shortly after his operation. 手术后不久他就回去上班了。
The accident happened shortly before midday. 事故发生在中午前不久。
2. 表示“无礼地”、“不客气地”。如:
He answered very shortly. 他回答得很无礼。
注:有时表示“简短地”,但这在现代英语中已不常见。
◆should adv.
1. 用作情态动词,表示“应该”、“应当”,其后接动词原形,主要用来谈论现在或将来,不能谈论过去;若要谈论过去,其后应接完成式,其意为“本该”或“大概已经”。比较:
You should tell the truth. 你应该讲真话。
You should have told the truth. 你本来应该讲真话的。
He should leave now. 他现在应该离开了。
He should have already left. 他大概已经离开了。
注:若表示动作在进行,则可也可接进行式。如:
He should be working now. 他现在应该在工作。
2. 用于某些动词(如order, recommend, demand, command, suggest, propose, recommend, advise, ask等)、形容词(如 eager, anxious, important, necessary)等之后。如:
I suggest that he (should) come to the meeting. 我建议要他来参加会议。
It’s important that he (should) remember this. 他记住这一点很有必要。
My suggestion is that we (should) start a little earlier. 我建议我们早点出发。
注:有时用于某些从句中,表示一种惊奇语气。如:
How should he think that? 他怎么会那样想呢?
It’s strange that he should come so late. 他竟然来这么迟真是奇怪。
比较:
It’s a pity that he failed in the exam. 他考试没有及格真是遗憾。
It is a pity that he should have failed in the exam. 他考试竟然没有及格,真是遗憾。
3. 用于含有虚拟条件句(包括含蓄条件句)的主句 (主语是第一人称)中,但在此种情况下,美国人多用 would。如:
If I had time, I should go. 我要是有时间,我就去。
I shouldn’t have won without you. 没有你我不可能获胜。
4. 用于可能性极小的条件句中(主语可以是各种人称),表示将来情况,通常译为“万一”,此时主句谓语可用虚拟语气,也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如:
If you should change your mind, do let me know. 你万一改变主意,一定要告诉我。
If I should be free tomorrow, I will come. 万一明天有空,我就来。
◆shoulder n.
1. 用作名词,表示“肩”,比较:
She looked over her shoulder. 她回过头来看。
She looked over his shoulder. 她通过他肩膀往前看。
2. 用于 shoulder to shoulder 意为“肩并肩地”、“齐心协力地”。如:
They were standing shoulder to shoulder. 他们并肩而立。
We should work shoulder to shoulder. 我们应该齐心协力地工作。
比较 side by side(并肩,并排),注意所用介词不同。如:
He sat side by side with her. 他与她并肩坐着。
These shops were side by side. 这些商店挨在一起。
◆show v.
1. 表示“拿……给人看”,可以带双宾语。双宾语易位时,要用介词 to。如:
把你收集的邮票拿给我们看看好吗?
正:Will you please show us your stamp collection?
正:Will you please show your stamp collection to us?
误:Will you please show us your stamp collection to see?
2. 比较以下句型:
He showed me the room. 他带我看那房间。
He showed me into the room. 他领我进了那房间。
He showed me the door. 他将我逐出门外。
He showed me to the door. 他送我到门口。
注:show sb (a)round 意为“陪某人参观”或“带某人到处看看”等。如:
He showed us round the factory. 他带我们参观了工厂。
3. 表示“(通过做示范)教”,比较以下正误句型:
他教我们种菜。
正:He showed us how to plant vegetables.
误:He showed us to plant vegetables.
注:表示“表明”、“证明”,其后可接不定式的复合结构。如:
This showed him to be honest. 这说明他是诚实的。
His record shows him to have worked hard at school. 他的成绩证明他在校学习很用功。
◆shy adj.
1. 用作形容词,有两方面的意思,一是表示“害羞的”、“羞怯的”等,此时可以指人,也可以指行为态度等;二是指“提防的”、“躲避的”、“犹豫的”、“畏缩的”等,此时通常用作表语,且其后通常接介词 of。如:
The shy girl gave him a shy smile. 这个害羞的姑娘对他害羞地一笑。
He is shy of [about] talking about the prize he has won. 他羞于谈起他获得的奖。
We are all a bit shy of that sort of person. 我们对那种人有点怀疑(有所提防)。
This made me shy of trying it again. 这使我不敢再试了。
比较:(www.yygrammar.com)
He was shy of strangers. 他怕见生人。
He was shy with strangers. 他和生人在一起怕羞。
2. 在美国口语中,可以表示“不足的”、“欠缺的”,此时通常也用作表语,其后一般接介词 of(有时用 on)。如:
The house is shy of [on] a bathroom. 这房间缺一个浴室。
We have plenty of wine, but we are shy of [on] beer. 我们有很多葡萄酒,但啤酒不够。
◆sick adj.
1. 表示“有病的”,可用作表语或定语。如:
He has been sick for weeks. 他已病了好几个星期了。
Take good care of these sick children. 好好照顾好这些有病的孩子。
注:在英国英语中,用作表语的 sick 有时可表示“呕吐”。如:
She feels sick in buses. 她在公共汽车上觉得想呕。
2. 表示“厌烦的”,通常只用作表语,其后通常接介词 of, 与 be tired of 大致同义。如:
I’m sick of waiting around like this. 我腻烦像这样在一旁等着。
3. 与定冠词连用,表示“病人们”(具有复数意义)。如:
We’re going to visit the sick in hospital. 我们打算去看望住院的病人。
The sick were allowed to pass free. 病人可以免费通过。
◆sign n.
1. 用作名词,表示“符号”、“标牌”、“手势”、“迹象”等均为可数名词。如:
We hung a sign on the door. 我们在门上挂了一个招牌。
He gave me a sign to leave the room. 他示意我离开房间。
There are signs of sales increasing. 有迹象表明销售额在增长。
2. 用作动词,表示“打手势”,可用作及物或不及物动词。比较以下同义句型:
警察打手势(示意)叫我停下。
正:The policeman signed me to stop.
正:The policeman signed to [for] me to stop.
另外还可以表示“签(名)”或“在……上签字”,也可以是及物或不及物动词。比较:
你在支票上签名了吗?
正:Have you signed (your name on) the cheque?
正:Have you signed (your name to) the cheque?
正:Have you signed (on) the cheque?
误:Have you signed your name in the cheque?
误:Have you signed in the cheque?
注:表示“签名”时,sign 只用作动词,不用作名词。其相应的名词为 signature。
◆silence n.
1. 泛指一般意义的“安静”、“沉默”,是不可数名词;表示“一段沉默的时间”,是可数名词。如:
Silence means [gives] consent. 沉默意味着同意。
There was a long silence before he spoke again. 沉默了很久之后他才再次说话。
During the meeting there were many silences. 会议期间出现过好几次冷场。
2. 比较 in silence, 意为“默默地”。如:
He left the room in silence. 他默默地离开了房间。
He waited there in silence. 他默默在那儿等着。
3. 口语中用 Silence! 表示请人安静,是一个十分正式的用法,通常用于法庭以及大型集会等正式场合,在一般情况下(在教室等)通常不用它,而用 Please be quiet. 之类的。
◆silent adj.
用作形容词,其本义指“安静的”或“没有声音的”,也可引引申指“不讲话的”、“不表态的”、“不谈到”等。如:
The children went out and the room was silent. 孩子们出去了,房里十分安静。
This letter in this word is silent. 这个单词里的这个字母不发音。
He was silent for a moment, then began his answer. 他沉默了一会儿,然后开始回答。
You’d better be silent about what happened. 对所发生的事你最好只字不提。
◆similar adj.
用作形容词,表示“类似的”、“相似的”等。如:
We have similar opinions. 我们的看法相似。
The brothers look very similar. 他们兄弟看上去很相像。
表示“与……相似或类似”,通常用介词 to, 注意不要受语思维影响而用介词 as, with 或与 as……as 连用等。如:
他的观点与你的观点差不多。
正:His views are similar to yours.
误:His views are similar as [with] yours.
误:His views are as similar as yours.
◆since
1. 关于时态:不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都与现在完成时连用。如:
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来,他就一直住在这儿。
He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him
since. 他两周前离开了家,到现在我们一直没有他的消息。
Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
注:有时可用其它时态的情况,但须注意:
(1) 有时(特别是在口语中)可用过去时,但很不普通。建议初学者不要模仿。如:
Since leaving home, he wrote to his parents just once. 离开家之后,他只给他父母写过一封信。
(2) 对于某些表示状态(如 seem 等)的动词,或因语义等方面的原因,有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适。如:
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了?
(3) 若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时。比较:
He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。(指从星期二至现在未吃东西)
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
(4) 表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:
It’s ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。
How long is it since you arrived? 你到来多久了?
2. 关于后续词:用作介词,其后除可接名词代词外,有时可接介词短语。比较:
He had been there since her death. 自从她死以来他就一直在那儿。
He had been there since before her death. 自从她死以前他就一直在那儿。
有时可接 then, when。如:
He’s been ill since then. 自那以来他一直病着。
Since when have you lived here? 从什么时候开始你就住在这里了?
像一般介词一样,其后也可接动名词( 注意动名词的逻辑主语应是句子主语)。比较:
自上次写信以来我已收到她三封来信。
正:I’ve had three letters from her since I wrote last.
正:I’ve had three letters from her since writing last.
3. 关于翻译:用作连词,它所引导从句的谓语通常应是非延续性动词,但有时也可以是延续性动词或状态动词,不过此时应注意:若为延续性动词或状态动词,那么它所表示的通常是动作或状态的完成或结束(而不是其开始)。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived in
正译:自从他离开北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
误译:自从他住在北京以来,我一直未收到他的信。
He has never come to see me since I was ill.
正译:自我病愈以来他还没来看过我。
误译:自我生病以来他还没来看过我。
若要表示从句中的动作或状态延续至今,就应该用持续性动词的现在完成时,而不是用一般过去时。如:
I haven’t had a good meal (ever) since I’ve been here. 我自从来到这里后还没吃过一顿好的。
注:两种例外的情况:
(1) 有个别句型(主要是……since I was a child 等),从句即使用了状态动词的一般过去时,它也指状态一直持续到现在。如:
I have wanted to visit Disney World since I was a child. 自孩提时代起我就想去看看迪斯尼乐园。
(2) 有个别句型(主要是 it’s some time since……等),从句即使用了持续性动词的现在完成时,它也指动作的结束( 但从句不能用否定式)。如:
It’s a long time since I (have) studied English. 我很久没学英语了。
◆sing v.
表示“唱歌”,可接双宾语,若双宾语易位用介词 for。如:
她给我们唱了首英语歌。
正:She sang us an English song.
正:She sang an English song for us.
◆size n.
表示大小或尺寸,根据情况可用作可数或不可数名词。如:
What size is the box? 这个盒子的尺寸是多少?
The two houses are of a size. 这两座房子一样大。
It is equal in size to a book. 他的大小与一本书相同。
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