预防乳腺癌 降低风险

Breast cancer prevention: How to reduce your risk

预防乳腺癌：如何降低风险

Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits — such as limiting the amount of alcohol you drink and staying physically active. Understand what you can do to prevent breast cancer.

乳腺癌的预防应该始于健康的生活习惯——例如限制酒精的摄入量和坚持体育锻炼。让我们来了解一下如何预防乳腺癌吧。

By Mayo Clinic staff

If you\'re concerned about breast cancer, you may be wondering if there are steps you can take toward breast cancer prevention. Understand the lifestyle factors that may affect your risk of breast cancer and what you can do to stay healthy.

如果你担心患乳腺癌，你大概很想知道预防乳腺癌的措施有哪些。那么就来了解一下与乳腺癌风险相关的生活方式因素，以及为了保持身体健康，你应该做些什么吧。

What can I do to reduce my risk of breast cancer?

我能做些什么来降低乳腺癌风险？

Breast cancer prevention begins with various factors you can control. For example:

预防措施始于各种可控因素，例如：

    Limit alcohol. The more alcohol you drink, the greater your risk of developing breast cancer. If you choose to drink alcohol — including beer, wine or liquor — limit yourself to no more than one drink a day.

限制酒精摄入。酒精摄入越多，患乳腺癌的风险越高。如果你饮酒——包括啤酒、葡萄酒和烈性酒——限制每天的饮用量不超过一杯。

  

    Control your weight. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer. This is especially true if obesity occurs later in life, particularly after menopause.

控制体重。超重或过度肥胖会增加罹患乳腺癌的风险。其中，中晚年，特别是绝经以后发生的肥胖尤为危险。

    Get plenty of physical activity. Being physically active can help you maintain a healthy weight, which, in turn, helps prevent breast cancer. For most healthy adults, the Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity (think brisk walking or swimming) or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity (such as running), in addition to strength training exercises at least twice a week. If you\'re just starting a physical activity program, start slowly and build intensity gradually.

进行足够的体育活动。坚持体育锻炼有助于保持健康的体重，进而有助于预防乳腺癌。美国卫生与公共服务部建议，大多数健康成年人应该每周至少进行150分钟的适度有氧运动（例如快走和游泳），或者每周75分钟的剧烈有氧运动（例如跑步），此外，还要有每周至少两次的力量训练。如果你刚开始一项体育运动计划，则慢慢开始并逐渐增加强度。

    Breast-feed. Breast-feeding may also play a role in breast cancer prevention. The longer you breast-feed, the greater the protective effect.

母乳喂养。母乳喂养也与乳腺癌预防有关。实施母乳喂养的时间越长，预防效果越明显。

    Discontinue hormone therapy. Long-term combination hormone therapy increases the risk of breast cancer. If you\'re taking hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms, ask your doctor about other options. You may be able to manage your symptoms with non-hormonal therapies, such as physical activity. If you decide that the benefits of short-term hormone therapy outweigh the risks, consider using the lowest dose that\'s effective for your symptoms, and plan to use it only temporarily.

间断的激素疗法。长期的复合激素治疗能提高患乳腺癌风险。如果你想用激素疗法治疗更年期综合症，询问医生是否有其他选择。因为也许应用其他非激素疗法，你也能有效控制更年期症状，例如进行体育锻炼。如果你认为短期激素疗法利大于弊，请考虑使用能有效控制症状的最低剂量，并且计划只是临时使用激素。

    Avoid exposure to environmental pollution. While further studies are needed, some research suggests a link between breast cancer and exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in vehicle exhaust and air pollution.

避免接触环境污染物。在汽车尾气和大气污染物中含有多环芳烃，一些研究已经显示乳腺癌的形成和接触多环芳烃有关，不过该结论有待进一步研究。

Can a healthy diet prevent breast cancer?

健康的饮食能预防乳腺癌吗？

Research shows that eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables doesn\'t offer direct protection from breast cancer. In addition, a recent study of dietary fat and breast cancer showed only a slight decrease in the risk of invasive breast cancer for women who ate a low-fat diet. However, eating a healthy diet may decrease your risk of other diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. A healthy diet can also help you maintain a healthy weight — a key factor in breast cancer prevention.

研究显示，饮食富含水果和蔬菜与预防乳腺癌并没有直接关联，此外，最近的有关膳食脂肪和乳腺癌的研究显示，低脂饮食只能使女性患浸润性乳腺癌的风险略有减小。尽管如此，健康的饮食可能降低患其他疾病的风险，例如糖尿病、心血管疾病和中风。健康的饮食也有助于保持健康的体重——这是乳腺癌预防的关键因素。

Is there a link between birth control pills and breast cancer?

避孕药和乳腺癌有关联吗？

Current evidence suggests that use of oral contraceptives doesn\'t increase the risk of breast cancer. While older research showed a slight increase in risk, those studies included pills with higher estrogen doses than what\'s available today. In addition, the older research showed that 10 or more years after stopping oral contraceptives, the risk of breast cancer returned to the same level as that of women who never used oral contraceptives.

目前的证据表明，使用口服避孕药并不会增加乳腺癌的风险。但是早前的研究显示风险是略有增加的，在该研究中，避孕药内的雌激素剂量比现今常规使用的要高。此外，早前的研究还表明停服口服避孕药10年以上的女性，她们罹患乳腺癌的风险会恢复到与从未服用者相同的水平。

What else can I do?

还能做些什么？

Be vigilant about breast cancer detection. If you notice any changes in your breasts, such as a new lump or skin changes, consult your doctor for an evaluation. Also, ask your doctor when to begin mammograms and other screening procedures to detect breast cancer.

对乳腺癌检查保持警惕。一旦发现乳房的变化，例如出现肿块或皮肤异变，须立刻咨询医生。同时，询问医生什么时候应该进行乳腺钼靶检查和其他乳腺癌检测项目。

Remember, it\'s not always possible to prevent breast cancer. By practicing healthy habits, however, you\'re taking an active role in breast cancer prevention.

记住，并不是所有乳腺癌都可以预防，但健康的生活方式能让你在乳腺癌的预防中掌握主动权。