1. word elements
Root | Meaning | Example |
-emia,-hemia | Condition of blood | pachyemia |
-penia | Decrease in,deficiency of | leukopenia |
poiesis | Formation,production | hemopoiesis |
ferr/o, ferr/i | iron (symbol Fe) | ferric |
sider/o | iron | sideroblast |
Thromb/o | Blood clot | thrombolytic |
Thrombocyte/o | Platelet,thrombocyte | thrombocytopenia |
2. reading
Leukemia is a neoplasm of white blood cells. The rapidly dividing but incompetent white cells accumulate in the tissues and crowd out the other blood cells. The symptoms of leukemia include anemia, fatigue, easy bleeding, splenomegaly, and sometimes hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver). Myelogenous leukemia originates in the bone marrow and involves mainly the granular leukocytes. Lymphocytic leukemia affects B cells and the lymphatic system, causing lymphadenopathy and adverse effects on the immune system. Leukemias are further differentiated as acute or chronic based on clinical progress. The acute forms of leukemia are acute lymphoblastic (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic (myelogenous) leukemia (AML). Acute leukemia is the most common form of cancer in young children. With treatment, remission rate is high for ALL, but the prognosis in AML is poor for both children and adults. Chronic granulocytic leukemia, also called chronic myelogenous leukemia, affects young to middle-aged adults. Most cases show the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), an inherited anomaly in which part of chromosome 22 shifts to chromosome 9. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) appears mostly in the elderly and is the most slowly growing form of the disease.
The causes of leukemia are unknown but may include exposure to radiation or harmful chemicals, hereditary factors, and perhaps virus infection.
Treatment of leukemia includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. One advance in transplantation is the use of umbilical cord blood to replace blood-forming cells in bone marrow. This blood is more readily available than bone marrow and does not have to match as closely to avoid rejection.
3. words
leukemia 白血病
splenomegaly 脾大
myelogenous leukemia 髓系白血病
granular leukocyte 粒细胞
lymphocytic leukemia 淋系白血病
lymphadenopathy 淋巴结病
remission 复发
Philadelphia chromosome 费城染色体
chemotherapy 化疗
radiation therapy 放疗
bone marrow transplantation 骨髓移植
umbilical cord blood 脐带血
rejection 排斥反应
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