Hardly和Scarcely的基本用法
一、“hardly和scarcely（几乎不）”表示的半否定式：
1. I hardly (或scarcely) saw anything.我几乎什么也没看见。
2. It is hardly (或scarcely) right.这几乎是不对的。
3. We could hardly (或scarcely) understand it.我们几乎不可能了解这件事。
4. Hardly (或Scarcely) anybody believes that.几乎没有人相信这件事。（或：几乎谁都不相信这件事。）
二、“hardly (或scarcely)…when（或before）…”作“刚……就……”解，注意hardly和scarcely位于句首时，有主、谓语颠倒现象：
1. Hardly had I reached the station when (或before)the train started.我刚到车站，火车就开了。
2. Scarcely had he opened the door when(或before) a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚开门，一阵风就把蜡烛吹灭了。
使用本句型结构时必须注意下列三点：
（1）scarcely或hardly所在的主句内，谓语动作发生在when或before从句内的谓语动词之前，因此主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时。
（2）若hardly或scarcely位于句首，则后面主语和助动词词序要颠倒。
（3）不能用than代替句中的when，若非要用than，则必须改用“no sooner…than…”句型。下列几种表示式的句意相同：
a）He had scarcely (或hardly) seen the letter when (或before) he started back home.他一见到信就动身回家了。
b）Scarcely (或hardly) had he seen the letter when（或before）he started back home.（译文同上）
c）He had no sooner seen the letter than he started back home. （译文同上）
d）No sooner had he seen the letter than he started back home. （译文同上）
e）He started back home as soon as he saw the letter.(=As soon as he saw the letter, he stated back home.) （译文同上）
注：用as soon as …时，主句和从句的时态通常一致，但从句不用将来时，因它是时间从句。
hardly 主要与any，ever，at all或动词can连用：
He has hadly any money.
他几乎没有钱。(非常少)
I hardly ever go out.
我很少外出。(我极少外出。)
It hardly rained at all last summer.
去年夏天没怎么下雨。
Her case is so heavy that she can hadly lift it.
她的箱子太重了，她简直提不起来。
也可以和其他动词连用：
I hardly know him.
我不太认识他。(我只是与他认识而已。)
scarcely意为“几乎不”，它可以代替hardly。上述例句中也可用scarcely any/scarcely ever等，但scarcely主要意为“不到”、“不足”：
There were scarcely twenty people there.
那儿连20个人都没有。
barely意为“不超过”、“仅仅”：
There were barely twenty people there.
那儿不超过20个人。(刚刚20个)
I can barely see it.
我勉强看得见它。(我只能看见而已。)
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